GU

_____ is predominantly an infection of sexually active individuals, usually men.

The symptoms are pain and burning during urination, and some discharge may occur at the urethral meatus

Urethritis may be _____ in origin or it may be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum

Bacterial infection of the urinary bladder

bacterial infection of the kidney

Cystitis and pyelonephritis are more common in ____

instrumentation (catheterization, cystoscopy), pregnancy, anatomic abnormalities of the genitourinary tract, and diabetes mellitus

Incidence of cystitis and pyelonephritis increase with ____

Most UTI's ascend through a _____

____ is the most common isolate in UTI's

Suprapubic pain, discomfort or burning sensation on urination and frequent urination

Back or flank pain, or the occurrence of a fever suggests involvement of the

Older or debilitated patients with UTI may present with

Older or debilitated patients with UTI may present with

UTI urinalysis may show

The presence of at least 10 WBC's/mm(3) of midstream urine by counting chamber is defined as pyuria

the presence of WBC casts in an infected urine sample indicates the presence of

Urine for culture should not be obtained from a

______ tests are not essential for patients with uncomplicated cystitis unless treatment fails

Recurrent UTI's in men should always raise the suspicion for

Possible UTI organisms that will not grow on routine culture medium

if a UTI is unresponsive to the first course of antibiotics patients should receive

empiric therapy for uncomplicated UTI's can be

short course therapy is not recommended for

All patients with complicated UTI's should have

should be performed in all men with UTI (except those with urethritis) because of the high frequency of correctable anatomic lesions in this population

if a 6 week course of antibiotics active against the bacterial isolate is not effective then the possibility of _____ should be investigated

Urine cultures showing bacterial growth in the absence of symptoms

does not need to be treated in otherwise healthy/non-pregnant individuals

The occurrence of pyuria in the absence of bacterial growth on culture of urine

If this condition occurs in the patient with lower UTI symptoms then chlamydia, gonococcal infections, vaginitis, or herpes simplex infection should be considered

symptoms of back or perineal pain and fever are common with

Acute prostatitis may be caused by gonococcus but is most often caused by

Prostatic abscesses can be

Should be suggested in men with recurrent UTI

Treatment of _____ is hampered by poor penetration by most antimicrobials

fever, flank pain, CVA tenderness, N/V

dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, =/- hematuria

vaginal d/c or odor, pruritus, dyspareunia, external dysuria (labial pain with urination), but no frequency or urgency

dysuria and frequency with no vaginal discharge or irritation is ___ in more than 90% of cases

presence of WBC casts indicate

common in UTI but not urethritis or cervicitis

indicates presence of bacteria, more specific than sensitive

an enzyme made by neutrophils in response to bacteria

as a general rule ____ is a UTI occurring in a healthy young nonpregnant woman

Septra

don't give ____ for acute cystitis

first line for acute uncomplicated cystitis

best course length of antibiotics for uncomplicated UTI

should be considered as and alternative to TMP-SMX in the treatment of uncomplicated acute cystitis

Macrobid

big guns used for complicated infections/allergy to TMP-SMX, risk factors for TMP-SMX resistance

used to treat symptoms of acute cystitis-is not an antibiotic

Pyridium

An infection occurring in anyone OTHER than a healthy young non-pregnant woman

urine culture is essential with

nonsecretor phenotype

strongest risk factor for UTI

in postmenopausal women ____ can be an effective prophylaxis because ti leads to an increase of lactobacilli and a decrease in E. coli

in recurrent UTI ___ evaluation should be done if concerned about structural or functional abnormality of GU tract

when doing a urological evaluation start with

treatment of cystitis in men

Normal appearance

normal color

normal odor

normal pH

normal protein ___ mg/dL

normal protein ___ mg/24 hr at rest

normal protein ___ mg/24 hr during exercise

normal specific gravity adult

normal specific gravity elderly

normal specific gravity newborn

normal leukocyte esterase

normal nitrates

normal ketones

normal bilirubin

normal urobilinogen ___ Ehrlich unit/mL

normal crystals

normal casts

normal glucose (fresh specimen)

normal glucose (24 hr)___mg/day

normal glucose (24 hr)___mmol/day (SI units)

normal WBC ___ per low-power field

normal WBC casts

normal RBC's

normal RBC casts

____ infection may cause green urine

patients with ____ may have the strong sweet smell of acetone

Bacteria, UTI, or a diet high in citrus fruits or vegetables may cause

starvation, dehydration, or a diet high in meat products or cranberries may cause

to prevent or treat urinary calculi from xanthine, cystine, uric acid, and calcium oxalate urine pH should be kept

to treat urinary calculi from calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate urine pH should be kept

the combination of proteinuria and edema is known as

probably the most important indicator of kidney disease

proteinuria in pregnant women can indicate

a measure of the concentration of particles in the urine

used to evaluate the concentrating and excretory powers of the kidneys

high specific gravity indicates

low specific gravity indicates

when a person is dehydrated one can expect the specific gravity of that person to be abnormally

Positive results indicate UTI

is a screening test for identification of UTI's

Nitrite test is about ___% accurate

leukocyte esterase is about ___% accurate

_____ is usually associated with poorly controlled diabetes

can be present in the following conditions; alcoholism, fasting, starvation, high protein diets, isopranol ingestion

may occur in acute febrile illnesses, especially in infants and children

obstruction of a bile duct by a gallstone will lead to

bilirubin in the urine will color it

by themselves, crystals cause no symptoms until

stones only produce symptoms when they

crystals may indicate

occur in the urine of patients with parathyroid abnormalities or malabsorption states

clumps of materials or cells that form in the renal distal and collection tubules, where material is maximally concentrated

for ___ to form the pH must be acidic and the urine concentrated

conglomerations of protein and are indicative of proteinuria, a few may be present after strenuous exercise

sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, BUN, creatinine, glucose, GFR

normal sodium ____ mmol/L

normal potassium ____ mmol/L

normal chloride ____ mmol/L

normal carbon dioxide ____ mmol/L

normal urea nitrogen ___ mg/dL

normal creatinine ___ mg/dL

increased BUN is called

decreased renal blood flow

urea backed up into blood from lower urinary obstruction

diseases or toxicities that affect glomeruli, renal microvascular or tubules

proportional to muscle mass, usually higher in men than women

stable in health at a ratio of 1:10

lower in liver disease, starvation, acute tubular necrosis

Higher (with normal Cr) in prerenal uremia, high protein diet, GI bleed

Higher (with high Cr is called “azotemia”) in renal disease & failure

can be caused by preeclampsia, multiple myeloma, temperature extremes, fever, exercise, position, stress

main cause of glycosuria

product of fat breakdown

product of hemoglobin breakdown

a few hyaline casts on urinalysis is

RBC casts

WBC casts

epithelial casts

granular casts

waxy casts

bacterial casts

fatty casts

___ can be estimated by blood level of creatinine

___ indicates level of kidney function

___ calculations do not apply in acute situations or in patients on dialysis