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Normal potassium levels
3.4-5.5
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Normal potassium intake __ mEq/day
100
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How much potassium is in a medium banana __ mEq
8
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How much potassium is in the extracellular compartment __ mEq
65
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How much potassium is in the intracellular space __ mEq
3000-4000
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Serum potassium of about 7-9 will lead to
Peaked t waves
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Serum potassium of >= 10 will lead to
Ventricular fibrillation
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If the extracellular concentration of K+ increases from 4 mEq/L to 6.5 mEq/L, the membrane potential is reduced by roughly ___
Half
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___ doesn't change the level of K+ in the body but it does modify myocardial excitability
Calcium chloride
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___ in the situation of hyperkalemia has an onset of 1-3 minutes and duration of 30-60 minutes
Calcium chloride
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___ in the situation of hyperkalemia, has an onset of 5-10 minutes and a duration of 2 hours
Glucose and insulin
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___ increases intracellular uptake of potassium
Glucose and insulin
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___ in the situation of hyperkalemia, has an onset of 30-40 minutes and a duration of 2-6 hours
Albuterol, 1-2 neb treatments
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___ increases intracellular uptake of potassium
Albuterol, 1-2 neb treatments
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Exchanges potassium for sodium
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
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___ in the situation of hyperkalemia, has an onset of 30-40 minutes and a duration of 6 hours
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
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Actually removes potassium
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
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Ultimate treatment for hyperkalemia
Hemodialysis
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Major renal cause of hypokalemia
Diuretics
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Major GI cause of hypokalemia
Vomiting, diarrhea, tube drainage, laxative abuse
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EKG changes with hypokalemia
Subtle ST depression and U waves
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Which is more dangerous in terms of cardiac arrhythmias: Hypokalemia or hyperkalemia?
Hyperkalemia
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One of the most common causes of hypercalcemia
Malignancy
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In the setting of hypercalcemia in the primary care office the two most important things to do are
Get a PTH level, and do a targeted malignancy screening
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Causes for hyperphosphatemia
Ingestion, rhabdomyolysis, tumor-lysis syndrome, renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, acromegaly
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Treatment for hyperphosphatemia
Bisphosphonates (alendronate, pamidronate), hemodialysis
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Hypophosphatemia=total PO4 <__ mg/dL
2.3
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