Geology1 MT2 Hydrology

• ocean water evaporates; (liquid) --> (gas)
• condensation; (gas) --> (liquid) or (solid)
• precipitation
• infiltration (groundwater) and runoff (rivers)

energy of position

• temperature change due to volume change
• ↑volume = ↓temperature
• ↓volume = ↑temperature
• -- no heat exchanged

groundwater reservoir

ability to allow the passage of fluids; interconnectedness of pores

• the amount of our rocks/sediments that are void space
• expressed as a percentage of total volume
• primary: porosity that forms with rocks/seds deposition
• secondary: forms due to weathering/erosion

• the refilling of our groundwater reservoir
• largely due to infiltration

• movement of water through soils and rocks
• manner of transport of precipitation into groundwater system

• surface
• -----------------------------
• zone of aeration (vadose zone)
• -----------------------------
• capillary fringe
• ------------------------water table
• zone of saturation
• __________________
• bedrock or impermeable layer

• unconfined; the upper surface is the water table
• confined; impermeable layers above (aquiclude/aquitard) and below (bedrock)
• perched; a lens of water that gets trapped above an impermeable bit of sed or rock

height to which pressurized water can pump itself using its potential energy

• collects water in a depression which creates pressure
• uses that pressure to pump water into ground

• headwaters; place water originates
• tributaries; small channels that combine to form larger streams
• trunk, main channel; larger streams
• distributaries; smaller channels form when river chokes itself with sediment
• delta

• change in elevation ÷ horizontal distance
• slope

• deepest and highest velocity portion of a channel
• highly erosive part of a river

sediment that is rolled or dragged along the bed of a river

seds that are carried in the flow of a river

ions that are carried in the river water

• the volume of water that flows past a point in a given time
• Q = velocity x area
• or, cubic feet per second

• linear
• sinuous

• the thalweg migrates to the outside of bends in a sinuous channel, creating...
• cutbank; a region of increased erosion on the outside of a bend
• point bar; a region of increased deposition on the inside of a bend

an abandoned bend that is cut off from the main channel due to sediment deposition

• infiltration is slowed/stopped due to pavement
• all precipitation will directly enter the channel
• large discharge (tall peak on hydrograph)
• velocity will be high due to rapid input of water

• infiltration forms a lag in the hydrograph
• runoffs begin when the soils become saturated
• runoff is slower due to soils, plants, etc. so the maximum discharge slowly builds and falls

• flash floods
• regional floods

• intense rain over a small area over a short amount of time
• fast moving runoff

• sustained rain over large drainage
• slow rise and fall

• amount of time expected to pass between floods of the same size
• RI = (n+1) ÷ m
• n: number of years of data
• m: numerical rank of the flood

p = 1 ÷ RI

• if you decrease the roughness in bed, you increase the velocity of flow
• allows for the movement of more water in less time

• marine terrace
• cliff
• berm
• beach face
• wave-cut platform

flat ledge cut into bedrock due to wave activity

portion of beach where sand is transported due to wave activity

portion of beach above high-tide line where the sand does not move

elevated wave-cut platform

• 1/wavelength
• shorter wavelengths have higher frequency = more energy
• longer wavelengths have lower frequency = less energy

the transport of sediments along a coast at an angle to the shoreline, which is dependent on prevailing wind direction, swash and backwash

onshore movement of water in a wave

the offshore movement of water in a wave

• jetties; closely spaced groins designed to keep longshore transport from closing off a waterway
• groins; beach ⊥ structure; designed to slow down the longshore current
• breakwater; beach || structure; built offshore to prevent waves from reaching the shore, forms calm area
• seawall; beach || structure; built on beach, prevents waves from striking the beach