Orgo Test 1

have the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms and different physical properties

the predictable number of bonds formed by an atom of a particular element

eg. Carbon is tetravalent, Nitrogen is trivalent, oxygen is divalent, and hydrogen and the halogens are monovalent

Rule where second row elements cannot have more than 8 electrons in their outermost shell. Follow this rule to acieve the electron configuration of the noble gases

occurs when atoms do not exhibit the appropriate number of valence electrons

• Positive means a lack of electrons
• Negative means excess of electrons

• Covalent- equal sharing of electrons
• Polar Covalent- uneven sharing of electrons
• Ionic- btwn metal and nonmetal

a region of space that can be occupied by electon density

there are s, p, d, and f types of orbitals

the probability of finding an elecron in a particular region of space

says every bond is the sharing of electron density between 2 atoms

sigma bonds are when the electron density is located primarily on the bond axis

says the sharing of elecrons is associated with the whole molecule rather than just the 2 atomic orbitals.

• Bonding orbital is the constructive interference btwn atoms
• Antibonding orbital is the destructive interference of atoms

tetrahedral arrangements where there are 4 separate bonds possible

Molecular geometry can be tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, or bent

trigonal planar arrangements where there are 3 separate bonds possible

Molecular geometry can be trigonal planar or bent

linear arrangements where there are 2 separate bonds possible

Only linear molecular geometry is possible

triple bonds are strongest and shortest > double bonds > single bonds are weakest and longest

occur when center of negative charge and center of positive charge are separated from one another by a certain distance

indicates polarity

Method of drawing structures where carbon (with the hydrogen atoms attached to them) are represented only as ends of lines

In this, carbon atoms are at every intersection and every end that is not designated for other atoms

characteristic group of atoms/bonds that show a predictable chemical behavior

eg. Ketone

• 1) an allylic lone pair
• 2) an allylic positive charge
• 3) a lone pair adjacent to a positive charge
• 4) a pi bond between 2 atoms of differing electronegativity
• 5) conjugated pi bonds enclosed in a ring

occupies a p-orbital and participated in resonance

does not participate in resonance

Amine

Amide

Ester

Anhydride

Acyl Halide

Specific names would replace the halide with the name of the element and -ide

Carboxylic Acid

Aldehyde

-anal

Ketone

-anone is suffix

Aromatic Ring/ Arene

-benzene is suffix

Sulfide

Thiol

-thiol is suffix

Ether

Alcohol

-anol is suffix

Alkyne

-yne is suffix for triple bonded carbon

Alkene

-ene is suffix for double bonded carbon

Alkyl Halide

specific names would replace hallide with the name of the element and -ide (eg. alkyl chloride)