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Who is Edward Jenner?
Used cowpox virus as a vaccination for smallpox
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What are commensal species?
'eat at the same table'
Enhance human nutrition by processing digested food, producing vitamins, and protect against disease
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What are flora?
Community of microbial species that inhabits a particular niche - skin, mouth, gut, and vagina
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What is clostridium difficile?
Produces toxins that cause diarrhea when patients recieve antibiotics that kill all their commensal species
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What is a pathogen?
Organism with a potential to cause disease
Ex: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite
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Two responses immunity involves
Adaptive and innate immune response
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Protective immunity is when...
Someone survives a specific infection and becomes immune to it
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The first infection is the most
Dangerous
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Define attenuation
Process by which a virus, bacteria, etc., changes under laboratory condition to become harmless or less virulent
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What are microbes?
A microorganism, especially one causing disease
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What is vaccination?
Preventing severe disease by exposing the immune system to the infectious agent in a form that cannot cause the disease
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What is a opportunistic pathogen?
Cause disease if the body's defenses are weakened or it gets into a part of the body it isn't normally found
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What is mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Bacteria that causes tuberculosis
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What is HIV?
Virus that causes AIDS
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What is candida albicans?
Fungi that causes systemic candidiasis and thrush
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What is trypanosoma beucei?
Protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness
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What are candida albicans?
Normal inhabitant of the human body that occasionally causes thrush and systemic infections
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Staphylococcus aureus are...
A gram positive bacterium that colonizes in human skin, common cause of pimples and boils, and may also cause food poisoning
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Mycobacterium tuberculoses causes....
Tuberculosis
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Skin is continuous with the ____ lining
Epithelia
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Mucosal surfaces are ...
Internal surfaces that the skin gives way to specialized tissues communicating with their environment and are more vulnerable to microbial invasion
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Mucosal surfaces are bathed in ___, which contains ___
- Mucus
- glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and enzymes
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Mucus helps protect ____ cells from damage and limit infection
Epithelial
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Lysozyme in tears and saliva are...
Antibacterial
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All epithelial surfaces secrete...
Antimicrobial substances
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Defensins are...
Antimicrobial peptides that kill bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses by perturbing their membranes
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Mechanical barriers in skin...
Flow of fluid, persperation, and the shedding of skin
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Chemical barriers in skin...
Sebum (fatty acids, lactic acids, lyzosome)
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Mechanical barriers in gastrointestinal tract...
Flow of fluid, mucus, food, and saliva
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Chemical barriers in gastrointestinal tract...
Acidity and enzymes
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Mechanical barriers in respiratory tract...
Flow of fluid and mucus by cilia and air flow
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Chemical barriers in respiratory tract...
Lysozomes in nasal secretions
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Mechanical barriers in urogenital tract...
Flow of mucus, urine, and sperm
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Chemical barriers in urogenital tract...
Acidity, spermine and semen
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Mechanical barriers in eyes...
flow of fluid and tears
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Chemical barriers in eyes...
lysozyme in tears
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Microbiological barriers preventing pathogens from cells in tissues...
Normal flora in skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and eyes
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What are the two parts of the innate immune response?
- Pathogen recognition
- Recruitment of effector mechanisms to kill it
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The serum proteins called compliment help...
tag an invader for uptake (phagocytosis)
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Describe inflammation..
- bacteria in wound activates effector cells to secrete cytokines
- Fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells leave blood and enter tissue
- Infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling and pain
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The innate immune system...
- first line of defense against infection
- works rapidly
- causes acute inflammatory response
- Specific for microbes
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The adaptive immune system...
- takes 7-14 days to develop
- specific for antigens, including microbes
- primary and secondary immune response
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The primary immune response is...
the first time the adaptive immune response is activated
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The secondary immune response is...
any time the adaptive immune response is activated after the initial time
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The innate and adaptive immune systems work together through...
direct cell contact and interactions involving chemical mediators (Cytokines and Chemokines)
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What are chemokines?
large group of proteins involved in guiding white blood cells to sites they're needed
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What are cytokines interact with...
cells to trigger innate immune response
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Many of the cells of the ____ immune system are the same cells used by the ____ immune system
innate, adaptive
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What is a lymphocyte?
A white blood cell that increases the power and focus of the immune response
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People lacking innate immunity...
can't control infections at all; innate immunity cells are needed to activate the adaptive immunity
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People lacking adaptive immunity...
can initially control an infection but can't clear it
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Which two responses does immunity involve?
- 1. Flexible, but specific adaptive immune system
- 2. Fixed innate immune system
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Innate immune response is determined by...
genes inherited from parents
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Lymphoid cells are
- 20-50 percent of white blood cells
- T cells, B cells and NK cells
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Mononuclear Phagocytes are...
Monocytes that circulate the blood and macrophages found in tissues
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Granulocytic cells are...
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils (based on morphology and cytoplasmic staining characteristics)
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What are dendritic cells' main function?
Presentation of antigen to T cells
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What is hematopoiesis?
The formation of cellular elements of blood (red and white blood cells and megakaryocytes)
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What are megakaryocytes?
Platelets
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Stem cells divide into...
- lymphoid lineage
- myeloid lineage
- erythroid lineage
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What is the most abundant leukocyte?
Neutrophils
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What is the second-most abundant leukocyte?
lymphocyte
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The general term for a white blood cell is a ___
leukocyte
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The three types of leukocytes are...
Lymphocytes, granuloctes and monocytes
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Lymphocytes are types of ___
Leukocytes
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Small Lymphocytes (adaptive immunity cells) are...
B cells (antibodies) and T cells (cytotoxic and helper functions)
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Large granular lymphocytes are...
Natural Killer (NK) cells (innate immunity)
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Plasma Cells are...
fully differentiated form of B cells that secretes antibodies
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Naive lymphocytes (small lymphocytes) are..
resting cells that have not interacted with an antigen
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Lymphoblasts are lymphocytes that have interacted with...
antigens and proliferate
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Lymphoblasts eventually differentiate into ___ or ___
effector cells, memory cells
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Effector cells eliminate ___
antigens
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Natural killer cells kill cells ____ infected with certain viruses
infected
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Neutrophils uses ____ and killing of microorganisms
phagocytosis
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NK cells are found throughout the ___ and the body, but mainly in ___
tissues, circulation
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NK cells contain ___ substances which are important for protection against ___ and some ___
cytotoxic, viruses, tumors
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NK cells secrete cytokines which...
prevent viral infection and help activate T cell-mediated immunity
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Neutrophils are...
effectors of innate immunity, specialized in the capture, engulfment and killing of microbes
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What are the two main killer cells?
macrophages and neutrophils
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Neutrophils work in ___ conditions found in damaged tissues
anaerobic
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Neutrophils are ___ and die at the site of the infection
short-lived
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Neutrophils are ___ cells that contain ___ substances in intracellular granules
phagocytic, toxic
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Neutrophils employ ___-dependent and ___-independent pathways to destroy pathogens
oxygen, oxygen
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Monocytes circulate ___ cell to ___
precursor, macrophage
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Macrophages perform ___ and kill microorganisms, as well as activating ___ and initiation of immune responses
phagocytosis, T cells
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Mononuclear phagocytes...
monocyte progenitors in bone marrow differentiate into pro-monocytes, which differentiates into monocytes after entering the blood
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Monocytes circulate in the blood for ___ hours, mature and migrate into ___, then become ___
8, tissues, macrophages
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The differentiation of monocyte into macrophage requires the following changes...
- monocyte enlarge
- increased intracellular organelles and phagocytic ability
- production of hydrolytic enzymes
- secretion of soluble factors
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Dendritic cells number one job is to ___
present antigen to T cell
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Mast cells expel ____ from the body through release of ____ containing ____ histamine and other active agents
parasites, granules
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Follicular dendritic cells hold intact...
antigens in specialized areas of lymphoid tissues
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Mast cells are found in the...
skin, connective tissue and mucosal epithelial tissue of the respiratory digestive tracts
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Origin of mast cells?
uncertain but precursors differentiate in the bone marrow and mature in tissues
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When activated mast cells degranulate...
they release pharmacological mediators which cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and attract leukocytes to the site of the degranulation
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Eosinophils...
fight parasitic worm infections
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Basophils are...
involved in allergic reactions; granules contain histamine
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What are megakaryocyte functions?
Platelet formation and wound repair
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What are erythrocyte functions?
oxygen transport
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____ is a bone marrow cells responsible for the production of blood platelets when its cytoplasm becomes fragmented
Megakaryocyte
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____ bind to immune complexes composed of antigen and antibody and carry these complexes to the liver where these are cleared by Kupffer cells
Erythrocytes
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Erythrocytes have an important immunological role in ...
clearing immune complexes from the circulation in persistent infections and in some autoimmune diseases
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Kupffer cells are...
phagocytic cells of the liver that line the hepatic sinusoids
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Neutrophils are Mobilized from the...
Bone Marrow, and Target (home) to Infection Sites
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Mononuclear phagocyte system is a system of...
phagocytes located mainly in the organs and tissues; Monocytes are present in the blood stream and settle in the tissues as macrophages
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Macrophage-like cells in the brain are...
Microglia
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What is the phagocytic process?
- Phagocyte attraction to the site of infection
- Phagocyte contact with the microbe
- Ingestion (endocytosis)
- Killing of the ingested microbe by means of oxygen and oxygen-independent mechanisms
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What is Opsonization?
Way of making microbes more palatable to the phagocyte; molecules coating a microbe, such as complement or antibody facilitate contact and ingestion of the microbe
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Antigens are...
Any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound to by an antibody or be bound by an MHC molecule and presented to a T-cell.
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Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are...
Proteins molecules synthesized by cells of immune system
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The adaptive immune system is mediated by...
lymphocytes
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Name two primary organs
Thymus and bone marrow
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Primary organs are where...
maturation of lymphocytes takes place
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Lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal-associated tissues are..
secondary organs
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Secondary organs trap...
antigen and promote lymphocyte activation
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Lymphocytes are found in ____, activated in the ____ lymphoid tissues, and arise from ___ ___ in ___ ___
lymphoid tissues, secondary, stem cells, bone marrow
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B cells mature in ___ ___
bone marrow
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T cells mature in ____
thymus
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What are the primary lymphoid tissues?
Bone marrow and thymus
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What are secondary lymphoid tissue and lymphatics?
Spleen and lymph nodes
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Thymus is the sight of ___ maturation
T cell
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T cells in the thymus are calling ___
thymocytes
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The thymus is a
flat,bilobed organ situated above the heart
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What is the function of the thymus?
to generate a diverse repertoire of T cells to protect the body from infections
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Bone marrow is the cite of...
B-cell origin and development
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B cells proliferate and differentiate by interacting with...
stromal cells and cytokines
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Small lymphocytes travel in the...
blood and lymph.
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In the lymphatic system, antigens are carried to..
lymph nodes, as are lymphocytes, enabling interactions
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When an antigen is encountered the lymphocyte will no longer...
recirculate.
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Secondary lymphoid organs are the meeting place where...
lymphocytes circulating blood encounter antigens brought from sites of infection
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Dendritic cells activated by infection also carry ___
antigens
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Antigens derived from infections originating in connective tissues (as a result of skin wounds) are carried by the...
lymphatics to the nearest lymph node
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Lymphocytes leave blood and enter ___ ___ where they are activated by pathogens
lymph nodes
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Pathogens drain from site of infection (example: foot) to lymph nodes via...
afferent lymphatic vessels
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Activated lymphocytes stay in ___ ___ and divide and differentiate into ___ ___, while non-activated cells leave through ___ ___
lymph nodes, effector cells, efferent lymphatics
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What is the architecture of a lymph node?
Kidney-shaped; packed with lymphocytes & macrophages through which lymph percolates
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Pathogens and dendritic cells carrying pathogens arrive in ___ ___
afferent lymph
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Pathogens are degraded and used to stimulate ___
lymphocytes
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Lymph is the mixture of...
extracellular fluid and cells that is carried by the lymphatic system
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Lymphocytes arrive at ___ ___ in arterial blood; extravasate from ___
lymph nodes, capillaries
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In lymph nodes, there are discrete sites where...
B cells and T cells congregate
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Effector B cells are plasma cells and they secrete...
antibodies
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Lymph node increases in size due to dividing ___
Lymphosites or �swollen glands�
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The spleen is a filter for...
blood that removes old or damaged cells = red pulp
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The spleen is the site where...
blood-borne pathogens encounter lymphocytes (a secondary lymphoid organ) = White pulp.
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Blood is the only way in and out for...
lymphocytes as well as pathogens.
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Spleenic ___ and ___ ___ in the spleen take-up antigen and stimulate T an B-cells.
macrophages, dendritic cells
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White pulp of the spleen consists of...
sheath of lymphocytes called the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) surrounding a central arteriole (CA)
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In the spleen, T cells are closest to the ___, while B cells are more peripheral, forming a B cell ___
CA, corona
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In the spleen, Germinal centers form between the...
T and B cell zones
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In the spleen, The marginal zone contains differentiated...
B cells
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Mucosal surfaces lining digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts are the major sites of entry for pathogens and are defended by ____
MALT
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In the mucosal-associated lymphoid system (MALT), tissues range from loosely organized clusters of ___ ___ to well-organized structures, such as ___ and ___
lymphoid, tonsils, appendix
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The gut associated lymphoid tissues, GALT include ___, ___, ___ and Peyer�s patches that line the gut
tonsils, adenoids, appendix
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Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues, are also known as ___
BALT
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In the GALT, pathogens arrive through direct delivery across ___ mediated by specialized cells called ____
mucosa, M cells
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In the GALT, ____ enter from the blood, if not activated, leave in the lymphatics.
Lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes that expand persist, providing ___ term memory
long
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Subsequent infections with the same pathogen, having the same antigens, will elicit a ___ response which is much ___ and stronger than the original primary immune response.
secondary, faster
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Sub acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a...
brain disease that is a late consequence of measles
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Diphtheria, poliomyelitis and measles have been virtually ___ from the USA
eliminated
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Mutation in immune function genes leads to ___
immunodeficiency
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Extreme example of immunodeficiency due to disease is the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, ___
AIDS
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