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What is the Maturation Theory?
- Derived from the embryology and developmental physiology and from thestudy of physical growth.
- Child is seen as a developing Neurophysiological immature organism
- Predictable patterns of behavior
- Emphasis on process of maturationover time.
- Model for understanding normal & delayed development
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What is Psychoanalytic Theory?
- Freud’s contribution of the child’s affective and emotional development.
- Model emphasizes importance of unconscious and conscious mental processes in the child’s concept of themselves as individuals and their place in society.
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What is NeoFreudianTheory (Erik Erickson)?
- Erik Erickson advanced and broadened the psychoanalytic theory to formulate a structure to understand the stages ofemotional development through out the life cycle.
- Each stage is characterized by negotiation of one central issue
- Early stages are foundations for later development.
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Explain Erik Erickson Theory?
- Development is a continual process that occurs in distinct stages.
- Each stage has a developmental crisis that requires resolution.
- Child may never completely finish all the developmental tasks in a given stage.
- Some degree of mastery and comfort must be achieved before proceeding to next stage.
- New Development rooted in prior experience.
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What are Erickson’s 5 Stages of Ego Development and when do they occur?
- Trust versus mistrust (period of infancy)
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt(early childhood)
- Initiative versus guilt (preschool and early schoolyears)
- Industry versus inferiority (Middle to latechildhood)
- Identity versus identity diffusion (Adolescence)
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Who developed Learning Theories and describe what they entail?
- Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson in 1927postulated the environment is a source of behavioral change.
- The environment supplies patterns of reinforcement or regard that shapeand determine the child’s response
- Example: Behavioral Modification techniques
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Who developed the Social Learning Theory and describe what it is?
- Bandura, a Cognitive social learning theorist, postulated more elaborate learning milieu to explain social and object related development
- Child learns to fit into a social organization family, school, soccer team, etc.
- Child learns through observation of behavior and its consequences on those around him in these settings (Role Models)
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What is the Piagetian Theory?
- Provides understanding of cognitive development
- Child is an active participants in their life experiences, constantly incorporating experiences (assimilation) into their own mental and physical structures of action(schema).
- When confronted with new events, child modifies behavior and mental structures to handle (accommodation).
- Modification is dependent on a stagerelated level of competencies
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Describe the child's development in the Piagetian Theory?
- Development of cognitive
- Abilities occurs in a fixed sequence of qualitatively different stages
- Child’s mind works differently in each stage
- Schemes
- Are thought patterns child develops to help understand the encounters with the environment and problems discovered
- Is the action pattern and the mental basis for the action
- Development occurs as schemes increase in scope and complexity
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How can the Piagetian Theory help parents understand a child's development?
- Provides information to assist parent sunderstanding and coping with child’sbehavior
- Parents are often distressed when the infant cries with separation and is afraid ofstrangers between 79 months offering information about the development of object permanence is helpful
- Separation anxiety or protest results fromthe infant’s inability to remember that the parent exists even though not seen
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Describe how Piaget described cognitive development?
- Piaget recognized that cognitive development was not always at the same chronological time, but that it did follow apredictable pattern.
- The child does not advance to the next stage until he has completed his present stage.
- Process of knowing
- Perception - memory - j udgment - reasoning
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What are the Stages of Cognitive Development and when do they occur?
- Sensorimotor Period: Birth - 2yrs. Object permanence, causality and symbolism
- Preoperational: 2 - 7yrs. Magical thinkers unableto separate stories andfantasy from reality
- Concrete Operations: 7-11yrs. Enables new skills but only with directly perceived information. Unable to perform abstract thinking. Able to classify objects by characteristics.
- Formal Operations: 11yrs. to adolescence
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What is the Attachment Theory?
- Is an affectional tie that one person forms between himself and another specific one that endures over time and space (Bowlby, 1969)
- It is the prototype for all future attachments
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Who is at High Risk for Attachment Disorders?
- Preterm infants,
- Chronically ill children,
- Children with Congenital defects
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Why do we study a child's temperment?
Understanding temperament assists in tailoring anticipatory guidance about behavior issues or management plans for behavioral problems
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What instrument do we use to assess a child's temperment and at what age do we test it?
Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire assess 4 - 8 month olds
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The quantitative or measurable aspects of the individual’s size measures what?
Growth
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The qualitative or observable aspects of changes in the individual measures what?
Development
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What assesses development and compares results to the average standard?
Developmental Screening Test
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When we examine the changes in function, including those influenced by the emotional and social environments, we are measuring what?
Development
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Development is intimately related to maturation of what?
the nervous system
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_____________ of development is the same in all children, but the ________of development varies from child to child.
Sequence, rate
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Development occurs __________.
cephalocaudal: neurological development that proceeds from the head downward
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What must be lost before the corresponding voluntary movement can be achieved?
Certain primitive reflexes
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Development follows some normalpatterns of predictability within anindividual called ___________.
milestones
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What are the 4 Developmental Assessment Areas?
- Physical or Physiologic
- Neurodevelopmental
- Cognitive
- Psychosocial
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Describe physical or physiologic development?
- Domains, Physical size, Shape, Function
- Tract changes over time
- Assessed by plotting on charts
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Describe Neurodevelopmental maturation.
- Changes in behavior over time
- Examples: reflex activities, gross and fine motor skills
- Assessment by observation
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Describe cognitive development.
- Closely related to neurodevelopment
- Physiologic and mental structures that permit
- thought, learning, knowing, problem solving along with behaviors that support these structures
- Assessed by observation and interaction
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Describe psychosocial development.
- Interactions of the infant or child with the environment
- Focus: emotional content and quality of the interpersonal relationships
- Assessed: Observation, interaction, interview
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Integration of developmental process shows the uniqueness of each individual child including active interplay between:
- Physical/physiologic development
- Neurodevelopmental Maturation
- Cognitive development
- Psychosocial Development
- Genetic & Temperament
- Environment
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Neonatal Period is between _____________ ?
birth to 1 month
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Infancy period is betweeen _____________ ?
1 month to 1 year
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3 examples of newborn assessment are?
- Apgar Score
- Dubowitz GestationalAge
- Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale assessment of reflexes and behavioral responses
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Describe Denver II and at what ages can one utilize it?
- Age: 0 72months
- Gross Motor, Fine motor, adaptive/language, and personal/social skills
- Part of Well Child Evaluation
- Improved assessment of language over Denver Development Assessment
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Describe Early Language Milestone (ELM) and at what age would you use it?
- Focus: Speech and language screening
- Important as it correlates best with cognitive development in the early years
- Ages: Birth to 36 months
- Visual, auditory receptive, and auditory expressive areas
- Testing combines history, direct testing and observation
- With a delay, a hearing deficit must be considered referto audiologist or speech pathologist
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Describe Denver Articulation ScreeningExam (DASE) and at what age would you use it?
- Speech and language screening
- Age: 2 to 6 years
- Focus: word imitation to screen articulation and intelligibility ofspeech
- Dysfluency stutteringis common in 3 - 4year olds. Unless sever, accompaniedby tics or unusual posturing, or occurs after age 4yrs., counsel parents
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Describe Developmental Profile II and at what age would you use it?
- Developmental Screening
- Age: Birth to 9.5 years
- Focus: physical/motor, self help, social, academic and communication skills
- Structured interview with parents
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Describe Minneapolis PreschoolScreening Instrument and at what age would you use it?
- Preschool readiness
- Age: 4 to 5 years
- Focus: Addresses school related skills and maturation
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Describe Goodenough Harris Draw a Person Test and at what age would you use it?
- Visual motorskills and problem solving abilities
- Age: 3 adult
- Instruct to”draw a person, draw the best person you can”.
- Do not suggest specific, supplementation, or changes.
- Observe how pictures are drawn inaddition to final product
- Scoring: one point for each detail present
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Describe Gesell Figures and what age would you use it?
- Focus: motor/ visual skills and problem solving abilities
- Examples:
- 15 months imitates scribble
- 18 months scribble sspontaneously
- 2 years imitates strokes
- 3 years Draws a circle
- 4 years Draws a cross
- 41/2 years Draws a square
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Describe Bayley Scales of Infant Development and at what age would you use it?
- Mild developmental delay
- infants, toddlers 3- 24 months
- Three scales: mental , motor, behavior
- Mental: sensation, perception, object constancy, memory and learning, verbal abilities, higher order thinking, language, and computation
- Motor: body control, coordination, recognition of objects by touch
- Behavior: measures attention, orientation, emotional control
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Testing results depend on:
- Temperament of child
- Exposure to environmental stimuli
- Opportunity
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When test results so insufficiency or defect:
- Repeat results in 2 - 3weeks when failures are present
- Use test results to assist with Anticipatory Guidance
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