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What is the Basal Ganglia
Masses of Grey matter within the cerebral hemispheres
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What are the other names used for the Basal Ganglia
- Cerebral Nuclei
- Basal Nuclei
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What Nuclei make up the Striatum
- Caudate Nucleus
- Nucleus accumbens
- Putamen
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What Nuclei make up the Lentiform Nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- -External (GPe)
- -Internal (GPi)
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What are the main components of the Basal Ganglia
- Caudate Nucleus
- Nucleus accumbens
- Putamen
- Globus Pallidus
- Subthalamic Nuclei
- Substantia nigra
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What are the two subnuclei of the substantia nigra
- Pars compacta (SNc)
- Pars reticulata (SNr)
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What makes the substantia nigra black
- Melatonin
- Dompamine neurons
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What is the role of the Basal Ganglia
It plays an important role in motor function by both initiating and stopping unwanted and uneeded movements
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What is the parallel loop from the associated cortex
- Association cortex
- Caudate
- Globus Pallidus
- Thalamus (dorsomedial nucleus)
- Association cortex
- "AC = Good Times"
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What is the parallel loop from the Sensorimotor cortex
- Sensorimotor cortex
- Putamen
- Thalamus (ventral anterior nucleus, ventral lateral nucleus)
- Sensorimotor cortex
- "No Sense Pushing Time"
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What is the parallel loop for the Limbic cortex
- Limbic Cortex
- Nucleus Accumbens
- Ventral pallidum
- Thalamus (dorsomedial nucleus)
- Limbic cortex
- "Lap To Lap"
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What does the Striatum receive input and send output to
- Input: Cerebral cortex, substantia nigra compacta, thalamus
- Output: Globus pallidus (GPi/GPe) Substantia nigra (SNr/SNc)
- Inhibitory Output
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What does the Globus pallidus externa (GPe) recieve input and send output to
- Input: Striatum, Subthalamic nuclei
- Output: Striatum, GPi, and Subthalamic nucleus
- Output is inhibitory
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What does the Globus pallidus interna (GPi) receive input and send output to
- Input: Striatum, Subthalamic nuclei, GPe
- Output: Thalamus
- Inhibitory output
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What does the Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) receive input and send output to
- Input: Striatum, Subthalamic nuclei, GPe
- Output: Thalamus
- Inhibitory output
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What does the Subthalamic nuclei receive input and send output to
- Input: GPe, Cortex
- Output: GPi, SNr
- Output is Excititory
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What does the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) receive input and send output to
- Input: Striatum
- Output: Widespread but especially to Striatum
- Output is Modulatory
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What is the only Basal ganglia that sends excititory output
Subthalamic Nuclei
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What basal ganglia is the modulatory center
Substantia nigra pars compacta
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What is the direct and indirect pathway of the basal ganglia
- Direct: Cortex > Striatum > GPi > Thalamus > Cortex
- Indirect: Cortex > Striatum > GPe > STN > GPi > Thalamus > Cortex
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What is the difference in the outcome of the Direct and Indirect pathway of the Basal Ganglia
- Direct: The cortex excites itself
- Indirect: The cortex inhibits itself
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What are the neurotransmitters used in the basal ganglia for Excitation, Inhibition, and Modulation
- Excitation - Glutamate
- Inhibitory - GABA
- Modulatory - Dopamine
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What is one of the hypokinetic disorders
Parkinsons
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What are the major Hyperkinetic Disorders
- Huntingtons Disease
- Athetosis
- Hemiballismus
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What pathway is malfunctioning in parkinsons disease
Substantia Nigra pars compacta (Dompamine) to the Striatum (modulatory pathway)
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What are the clinical features of someone with Parkinsons disease
- Tremors
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Anteroflexed position
- Postural instability
- Freezing/fastinating gait
- Poor balance
- "Poor BRAT, freezing and instable"
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What are the clinical features and regions affected in Huntington's disease
- Jerky movements, chorea (dance), Dementia, and personality changes
- Striatum, Caudate nucleus, spiny neurons are affected
- "Spineless Hunters Camp in the Sticks"
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What are the clinical features and cause of Athetosis
- Slow movement in hands and fingers
- Striatum lesion
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What are the clinical signs and reason for Hemiballismus
- Wild flailing of one arm and leg
- Subthalamic nucleus is damaged
- "They put Hemi engines in Subs"
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