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systematics-
study of kinds, diversity of organisms, and interrelationships
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taxonomy-
science and practice of classification
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phylogenetics-
study of evolutionary relatedness of taxa
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character-
any observable feature of a taxon, which may differentiate it
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states-
different conditions of a character
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binary-
2 distinct states
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multistate-
more than 2 states
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attribute-
possession of a paticular state of a character
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diagnostic character state-
can define and distinguish a taxon, should be unique to taxon
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qualitative character-
discrete states (shapes)
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quantitave character-
states with values that can be counted or measured
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continuous quantitative-
measured (length or width)
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homoplasy-
convergent or parallel evolution of structures
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homology-
- similarity as a result of common ansestory
- 1. similarity in outward appearance, devolopment, composition, position of features
- 2. conjunction, 2 homologous features cannot occur simultaneously in the same organism
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congruence-
test for homology with other homologies
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serial homology-
correspondence of an identically derived feature of one segment with the feature of another
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