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Schizophrenia (biological and neurological disorder)
characterized by disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and often bizarre behaviors
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Schizophrenia: positive symptoms
evident by its presence; delusions, hallucinations, or thought disorders; thought to be because of dopamine antagonists
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Schizophrenia: negative symptoms
characterized by the absence of behaviors that are normally present; social withdrawl, flattened emotional response, and reduced motivation
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Schizophrenia: cognitive symptoms
characterized by cognitive difficulties; difficulty in sustaining attention, deficits in learning and memory, poor problem solving
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schizophrenia: twin studies
Monochorionic twins (share a placenta) are more likely to both have the disease
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Schizophrenia: Hypofrontality of prefrontal cortex
decreased activity believed to be responsible for the negative symptoms
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Schizophrenia: treatment
Atypical antischizophrenic drugs seem to do the impossible (increase dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal cortex and reduce it in the nucleus accumbens)
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Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar)
serious mood disorder that consists of unremitting periods of depression
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Bipolar Disorder
serious mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression
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Heritability of major affective disorders
both twins being affected (more in monozygotic than dizygotic)
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Monoamine Hypothesis
Depression is caused by low levels of ≥1 monoamine, Tryptophan depletion results in reduced levels of serotonin (depletion is correlated with depression in people with personal/family history of depression)
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Biological treatments for depression
Drug therapy to increase NE or serotonin, which include Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, Tricyclic antidepressant, SSRI, SNRI
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Other Biological treatments for depression
ECT (shock treatment), TMS (magnetic treatment, deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, phototherapy (bright light), and sleep deprivation
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Panic disorder
episodic periods of symptoms such as shortness of breath, irregularities in heartbeat, and other autonomic symptoms, accompanied by intense fear
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Generalized anxiety disorder
excessive anxiety and worry serious enough to cause disruption of people’s lives
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Social anxiety disorder
excessive fear of being exposed to scrutiny of others-->avoidance of social situations in which the person is called on to perform
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OCD
characterized by recurrant, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors
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OCD (heritability)
greater concordance for obsessions and compulsions in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins
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OCD (Enviornmental)
brain damage caused by various means, such as birth trauma, encephalitis, and head trauma
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