Biochem

Energy to power muscles contractions is released when oxygen combines with chemical compounds (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) in the cell.

Primary energy source for short, maximum performance events (i.e. sprints, cycling).

Energy source for the cell, being important for endurance events.

Maintain and repair body tissues and are not normally used as an energy source to power muscle activity.

What are the two limiting factors in cellular energy production?

Controlled oxidation in the cell is accomplished by "refining" these three basic compounds (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins), to what single common chemical compound?

A pathway for production of ATP.
A high energy molecule found in all muscle cells.
Great for "running for the bus" - emergency use
Not the best for sprint activities.

A pathway for production of ATP.
Requires oxygen.
Can produce ATP from carbohydrates, fats, and protein.
Good for endurance activities.

A pathway of production of ATP.
Occurs in the absence of oxygen and limited to carbohydrates (glucose or glycogen) as a fuel source at the cost of lactic acid buildup in muscle (pain).
Generally the source of energy only for short bursts of high level activity lasting several minutes at most (sprints).

When there is a cell receptor problem what can occur?

-ate

What process only happens in the Liver.

What is the major form of stored carbohydrate in animals?

What is the major form of stored carbohydrate in plant cells?
It is also the major source of dietary carbohydrates for humans.

Digestion in the gut converts all carbohydrates to this?

What is the livers central role concerning dietary glucose?

In what form is the fuel stored as in the Liver?

What does the liver convert fuel to?
Where is it stored and what what form is it in?

Where do all nutrients pass thru?

What two major areas store Glycogen?

What is the term for converting glycogen to glucose?

Can muscles release glucose to circulatory system?

Why do muscless store more glycogen than the Liver?

Where is glucose 6-phosphatase found?

The breaking down of glucose.
The process of splitting a 6-carbon chain (C₆H₁₂O₆) into two- 3-carbon chains called pyruvate (C₃H₆O₃)

Pyruvate is reduced to a compound called Lactate in the process called?

Pyruvate is transported inside mitochondria and oxidized to a compund called?

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle is also know as?

Cycling of lactate produced by red blood cells and muscle during anaerobic respiration back into glucose

This hormones source is the pancreas and targets Liver tissue

This hormones source is the Adrenals and targets muscle

Which organ in the body is most sensitive to glucose levles?

Small islands of endocrine cells in the pancreas

This hormone targets Liver, Fat, and Muscle cells

Stimulates the liver and muscles to break down stored glycogen (glycogenolysis) and releases glucose

Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys

Juvenile Diabetes
Insulin-dependent type
Cannot produce insulin naturally due to β-cells being destoryed

Adult-onset diabetes
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Has higher than normal insulin in the blood but does not accept Insulin

Similar to Type 2 diabetes but found in pregnant women

Medical term for: Excessive thirst

Medical term for: Frequent urination

Medical term for: Extreme hunger or constant eating

Medical terms for: Presence of glucose in the urine

Metabolism of fatty acids leads to the production of acidic ketones in the blood

Glyceraldehyde

Dihydroxyacetone

Erythrose

Ribose

Ribulose

Xylulose

Glucose

Galactose

Mannose

Fructose

Contains carboxylic acid group and ketone group. A weak acid that can break down into acetone and carbon dioxide

An example of a ketone, naturally produced in the body as a product of the metabolic process

Increased acidity in the blood plasma

Self-digestion, lysomes release digestive enzymes into the cytoplasm causing the cell to "eat" itself

Found in pancreatic islets which secrete glucagon to regulate glucose in the blood

Found in pancreatic islets which secrete insulin to regulate glucose in the blood

Found in the blood, linked to β-cell functionality

Urine Production

Hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels

Glycogen Synthesis

Converting glycogen to glucose

Glucose in the urine

Maintaining equilibrium within the body

High Blood Sugar (higher than normal)

Low Blood Sugar (lower than normal)

IDDM

Regulates glucose levels in the blood

metabolic state associated with high concentration of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and deamination of amino acids

The breakdown of fatty acids to energy used by kidney and liver

Elevated levels of ketone bodies in the body

The breakdown of lipids

NIDDM

Increased urination caused by the presence of certain substances (such as glucose) in the small tubes of the kidneys

Polydipsia

Polyphagia

Polyuria