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Assimilation
merging into a composite culture and becoming culturally homogenized
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Culture hearth
cultural innovation- ideas that diffuse from origin to other places
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Cultural landscape
part of the landscape modified by humans
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culture traits
smallest distinctive items of a culture
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environmental determinism
physical environment by itself shapes humans, their actions, and their thoughts
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Ethnocentrism
believing one's own people/culture as setting the proper standard for others
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language family
group of languages thought to have common origin in a single earlier tongue
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Possibilism
viewpoint that people are the dynamic forces of cultural development
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Antecedent
(cultural classifi)
placed b4 cultural landscape developed
-
anthropogeographic boundaries
change in the cultural landscape or dominant cultural or ethnic group
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Centripetal forces
- bind together people of a state
- (opposite centrifugal forces(apart))
-
geometric boundaries
straight lined or curved and follow some precise measurement
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metropolis
center of specified activities including local national and worldwide
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nation-state
state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular nation
-
relict
(cultural classifi)
- political boundary, ceased to fx but still has an imprint on the cultural landscape
- E/W German border
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Subsequent
(cultural classifi)
set after the cultural landscape developed
-
superimposed
(cultural classification)
set in place as a result of wars or colonialism
-
town
single urban function dominates
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Commercial economy
producers market goods and services, laws of supply and demand set price and quantity, and marketing is essential for production decisions and distributions
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Economic activities
involve the occupational structure, or the proportion of workers found in each economic activity
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Planned economy
Communist controlled society controls the development of goods and services and also supply and price
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primary activity
agriculture, mining, and other extractive activities
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Quaternary activity
services related to information and research
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secondary activity
manufacturing and processing of primary products
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Subsistence economy
goods and services are produced for the use of the producers. Little exchange of goods and marketing is limited
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Tertiary activity
called service activity, retailing and other services
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acid rain
from the burning of fossil fuels, generally with a pH<5
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aquifer
layer of water-bearing, porous rocks lying between impermeable layers
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Biocides
herbicides and pesticides
-
Fertilizers
- excess nutrients in water
- (eutrophication)
-
greenhouse effect
gases released concentrate in the atmosphere, thus providing an insulation barrier for heat, causing warming of the earth
-
hydrologic cycle
involves the cycling of water in different forms and cmposition through evaporation and transpiration
-
hydrosphere
surface and subsurface waters not immediately available for use
-
resource reserves
- nuclear energy
- (fission process)
-
troposhere
layer of air closest to the earth, extending upward about 7-8 miles
-
ozone
formed from automobile and industrial gas emissions
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