Geography vocab

66.5 degrees north

66.5 degrees south

• globe onto a cone
• parallels are spaced evenly along the central meridian

vertical distance separating two adjacent contour line

line along which all points are of equal elevation above or below a datum (single) plane, usually indicating mean sea level

• earth onto a cylinder
• navigation uses

great circles appear as straight lines

Run east-west. Measure distance N-S of equator. North and South Pole Highest points equator is lowest point

Run north-south. Measure distance E-W of Prime Meridian. Highest (180 degrees)= International Date Line and Prime Meridian (0 degrees) is lowest.

globe grid onto a plane (used in atlases)

23.5 north

23.5 south

breakdown by interaction of water and chemicals present in rock mass

Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antartica, Europe, and Australia/Oceania

break in the earth's crust (tensional or normal fault) by irresistible forces in the crust

• intense bending of the earth's crust
• produces accordion effect (anticlines and synclines)
• leads to ridge and valley topography

movement of continental and alpine ice and snow that rubs and shapes topography

study of landform origins, characteristics, and evolutions and their processes

force of gravity is the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies at or near its surface

formed by cooling and hardening of earth material

fine fertile soil that is transported by wind (in glaciated regions)

• series of volcanoes, Pacific ocean, active
• 80% of the world's active

• supercontinent 200 million years ago
• Gondwana and Laurasia->todays continents

• portions of earth's mantle and crust on separate plates.
• mountain building, volcanoes, and earthquakes

gentle bending of the earth's crust

breaking down rock mass into smaller particles

triangular soil deposit at teh mouth of a river

channels carrying water off the main stream of a river

where a river empties into another body of water

area drained by a river system

small bodies of water that feed into the main stream of a river

weight of air as measured at a point on the earth's surface (barometric pressure)

• controlled by intensity/duration solar energy.
• decreases with increasing elevation

precipitation deposited on the earth's surface

flow of air that replaces warm/rising air and the rapid movement of replacement air

caused by rising/heated/moisture-laden air

occurs in mid-altitudes as cool and warm air masses meet

wind direction and differences in H2O density cause water to move in paths from one part of the oncean to another

occurs as warm air is forced to rise because of some obstruction (hill or mountain)

differences in air pressure between areas that induce air to flow from areas of hight to areas of low pressure

prevailing surface wind movements responding to pressure gradients (jet stream, monsoon)

Mild rainy winters; hot, dry summers. Warm climate, long growing season. Soil lacks humus. Veg. with large roots (chaparral/maquis) and small leaves. Summer drought.

middle of large landmasses in midlatitudes; long summer/short summer types; plenty moisture, cold winter, hot summer

soild-leached->acidic, southeast corner of large landmasses in middle latitudes, mild winters, hot, humid summers

constant cold, less than 10 inches of precip annually

soils are chernozems, live stock grazing, thick black earth rick humus soil

traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality over time. Gives a relationship between pop growth and eco development in stages

CBR - CDR excluding effects of immigrat/emigr