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What portion of the brain controls the same behaviors and functions that we share with all other vertebrates
Reticular formation
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What is the general function of the lateral zone of the reticular formation
Sensory function and afferent input
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What is the general function of the medial zone of the reticular formation
Motor functions and efferent output
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In general what is the midbrain section of the reticular formation used for
Brain functions
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In general what is the Pontine and Medullary portion of the Reticular formation used for
Spinal cord functions
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What are the main functions that the Reticular formation is central to
- Conciousness
- Sleep/Wake cycle
- Pain Modulation
- Motor functions
- Autonomic regulation
- Diffuse modulatory systems
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The reticular formation is critical in keeping the brain from multitasking, how
- It places the brain in a mode of operation per say, and can't focus on any other modes at the same time
- Ex. Sleep, Eat, Drink, Fight, Mate, ect...
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The reticular formation has what type of pathways involved
- Autonomic
- Sensory
- Motor
- Cojugate horizontal eye movement
- Alertness
- Sleep
- Diffuse Modulatory systems
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The autonomic functions of the Reticular formation receive inputs from what cranial nerves
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X)
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The modulation of BP, Heart beat, and respiration are mediated through what nucleus to the Reticular formation
Solitary Nucleus
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The combination of the reticulospinal tracts (inhibitory and excititory) modulate
Muscle tone and posture
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What are the two descending pathways of the Autonomic functions of the reticular formation
- Inhibitory
- Excitatory
- (Reticulospinal tracts)
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What are the main structures along with their signal that the Reticular formation receives sensory inputs from
- Spinal cord (Pain Temp)
- Cranial Nerves (Direct sensory)
- Limbic structures (Secondary sensory)
- Superior Colliculus (Secondary sensory)
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What is the indirect path that the Reticular Formation can use to send sensory signals to the Cerebral Cortex
- Parvocellular Nuclei of Pons and Mudulla
- Magnocellular Nuclei of Pons and Medulla
- Thalamus
- Cerebral Cortex
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What is the direct path that the Reticular formation can use to send sensory signals to the Cerebral Cortex and what signals are a large part of this
- Parvocellular nuclei of Pons and Medulla
- Diffuse Modulatory Systems
- Cerebral Cortex
- (Vision and Smell are a large part of this)
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What is the path of the Reticulospinal Tract
- Primary motor cortex
- Magnocellular Reticular Formation
- Spinal cord
- Excitatory output from Pontine RF
- or
- Inhibitory from Medulla RF
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Conjugate horizontal eye movement uses what pathway
- Vestibular
- Eyes move to the opposite side of the head rotation
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What tract of the Reticular formation does not work during a coma, and what is its function
- Ascending Reticular Activation System (ARAS)
- It is used for alertness, afferents from all sensory systems
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How does the reticular formation act as a filter
It takes out sounds that are repetitive and not meaningful so as to focus on important sounds (Salient Sounds)
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Neuromodulation
Small group of neurons that diffuse neurotransmitters through large brain areas. This can be thought of as salt in a soup compared to the meat and potatoes floating in it
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Diffuse Modulatory Systems (DMS) transmit signals how
- Neurons of the DMS from the RF project directly to the cortex and throughout the whole brain
- Signals are released from space between neurons (beyond the traditional synapse)
- The Neurotransmitters are not absorbed quickly
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What are the different Diffuse Modulatory Systems (DFS) of the Reticular Formation
- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) system
- Serotonin system
- Cholinergic system
- Dopamine system
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What is the origin and effect of the Noradrenaline system
- Origin: Locus Coeruleus and Lateral Tegmental Field
- Effect: Arousal, and reward system
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What is the origin and effect of the Serotonin system
- Origin: Raphe Nucleus
- Effects: Modulation of mood, satiety, body temp, sleep, and nociception
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What is the origin and effect of the Cholinergic system
- Origin: Pedunculopontine nuclei of the midbrain
- Effects: Learning, Short term memory, arousal, and reward
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What is the origin and effects of the Dopamine system
- Origin: Midbrain cortical pathway
- Midbrain limbic pathway (tegmental area)
- Effects: Motor system, reward system, cognition, endocrine system, nausea
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The Dopamine diffuse modulatory system invloves what specific midbrain section
Substantia Nigra
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