Bio Ch 2

When a substance can't be brokendown into different parts

ex. gold, iron, mercury, carbon,helium

• smallest units that have all the chemical properties of the element
• composed of electrons, protons, and nuetrons

Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

they are unstable and decay

• First ring is only capable of holding 2 electrons
• Second ring holds up to 8 electrons

equals

• the amount of time for 50% of isotope to decay
• C14 half life=5730 years

forms of an element with different numbers of electrons

two or more atoms linked together

attractive forces between atoms

3 types- covalent, ionic, hydrogen

• physically sharing electron
• shared pair of electrons

• 2 ions (one positive, one negative) are attracted to each other
• Sodium ion gives an electron to Chloride and becomes +1 and Chlorine is -1 and attract to each other

• Hyrdogen usually loses electron and becomes positive
• they positive and negative ends attract

• sticky, clingy, has surface tension, takes lots of energy to heat water
• ice floats because the molecules have spaces in between them and leaves trapped spaces and makes it lighter than liquid water

• A solvent dissolves other molecule
• Water is a solvent

a single floating proton (charge of +1) with no electron

• it is usually plucked of
• sodium becomes sodium hydroxide

• water loving
• ex. sugar, salt

• water fearing
• ex. olive oil, baking grease, care grease, lipids, fats

they form hydrogen bond on their hands and feet with the objects they walk on

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

• sugars and starches
• potatoes corns
• simple sugars are the bases for carbohydrates

• beans, soy, meat, animals, nuts
• structure, cell f(x), messengers, transport, communication

• amino acid chains
• there are 20 kinds

• animals, lard, olive oil, sesame oil, coconut oil
• energy storage, steroids, membranes

create a double membrane around cells

• carry the "code" of life
• DNA and RNA (they are made up of chains of nucleotides)

for cell recognition, energy storage, and cell structure

• glucose, fructose
• glucose=what cells break down for energy

• sucrose (table sugar)
• they are 2 simple sugars linked
• formed by a condensation reaction and gives off water

useable energy source that fuels cells

4

flexible and "fluid", protective covering around cell, studded with proteins

• membrane can allos some molecules to pass, others to be kept out
• size, concentration, and solubilty determine how molecules pass through a membrane

pass through a protein "gate or channel" in the membrane

uses energy to move molecule across a membrane (can work against a concentration gradient)

they are cells that are able to take in really large molecules, bacteria, viruses, cell debris, and large proteins

endocytosis, exocytosis

contains DNA in a nuclear envelope, proteins in envelope allow materials to pass in and out of nucleus, DNA code is converted to RNA code, RNA leaves nucleus

• in the cytoplasm “read” the RNA and make
• proteins

• makes and modifies proteins, called “rough” due to
• ribsomes sticking out of
• the membranes

further modifies proteins, ships proteins around cell and outside cell, like FedEx of cell

lipid production cholesterol, sex hormones, Vitamin D synthesis

"packets" of digestive enzymes, break down and recylce cell components, foreign materials

protein fibers within cell give structure and support

energy production, breakdown sugars (glucose) and produce ATP, have their own DNA and ribosomes, it is ONLY inherited through egg (maternally, you can trace it back for lineage), is like MLGW provides energy

use solar energy to synthesize sugars, cholorphyll-pigment gives plants green color

fluid-filled sacs, give cells "firmness"

give cells structure, "cells" that Hooke saw, wood, cellulose (undigestable to us)

• 1- needs to insert genetic material
• 2- convert RNA into DNA
• 3- get cell to make copies of DNA and to convert it to RNA
• 4 - have cell make proteins from the RNA
• 5 - Assemble proteins and new viruses
• 6 - leave cell to infect new cells