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What is the purpose of the Habenular nuclei
It is invloved in limbic system relays
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Where is the Habenular nuclei located
Just anterior to the pineal gland and posterior to the thalamus
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What does the pineal gland contain
- Pinealocytes
- Glial cells
- Many vessels
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What is a circumventricular organ and what is an example of one in the diencephalon
- An organ that lacks a Blood Brain Barrier
- Pineal gland
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Melatonin is found in high and low amounts in the body in what conditions
- High during darkness
- Low during light
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What chain of events triggers the pineal gland to release melatonin
- Retina is activated by light
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus)
- Reticular formation
- Intermediolateral neurons of spinal cord
- Superior cervical ganglion
- Pineal gland
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The subthalamus consists of what nuclei
- Subthalamic nuclei
- Zona Incerta
- Rostral Extensions of Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra
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What is the function of the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)
It is part of the Basal Ganglia circuitry
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What is the function of the substantia nigra
- Involved in reward, addiction, and movement
- It contains two parts that project to the striatum and thalamus (pars compacta and pars reticularis)
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What two regions of the Thalamus contain only one nucleus
- Anterior region (Anterior Nucleus)
- Medial region (Dorsomedial Nucleus)
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Lateral region of the Thalamus has many nuclei broken down into what groups
Ventral and a Dorsal group
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Thalamic nuclei can be classified as either specific or nonspecific how
Specific - receives input from a single sensory or motor system (output is to a single cortical area)
Nonspecific - Receives input from multiple regions (output is usually multiple areas of association cortex)
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What is the major input and output of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the Thalamus
- Optic tract (input)
- Primary visual cortex (output) area 17
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What is the major output and input of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) of the Thalamus
- Brachium of inferior colliculus (input)
- Primary Auditory cortex (output) areas 41 and 42
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What is the major input and output of the Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus (VPL) of the Thalamus
- Medial Lemniscus and Spinothalamic tract (input)
- Primary Somatosensory cortex (output) areas 1, 2, 3
- Pain/Temp/Touch/Proprioception
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What is the major input and output of the Ventral Posteromedial (VPM) Nucleus of the Thalamus
- Trigeminalthalamic tracts and Solitary Nucleus (input)
- Primary somatosensory cortex (output) areas 1, 2, 3
- Pain/Temp/Touch/Proprioception and Taste
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What is the main input and output of the Ventral Lateral (VL) Nucleus of the Thalamus
- Dentate Nucleus, Substantia Nigra, Globus Pallidus (input)
- Primary Motor Cortex area 4 and Premotor cortex area 6 (output)
- Movement
- "Toothless Blacks are all VL" all = Pallidus
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What are the major inputs and outputs of the Ventral Anterior (VA) Nucleus of the Thalamus
- Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra (input)
- Primary Motor Cortex area 4 and Premotor cortex area 6 (output)
- Movement
- "Black people in VA can move like globe trotters"
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What are the major inputs and outputs of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
- Hippocampus (forinx), and Mammillothalmic tract (input)
- Cingulate Gyrus (output)
- Emotion and Memory
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What are the major inputs and outputs of the Lateral Dorsal (LD) Nucleus of the Thalamus
- Hippocampus (input)
- Cingulate Gyrus (output)
Emotion and Memory
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The thalamus is most frequently damaged by vascular occlusions from what artery
- Posterior Cerebral artery
- Posterior Choroidal branches
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Thalamic Syndrome
Thalamic pain combined with hemianesthesia and sensory ataxia. May be accompanied with paralysis
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What kind of functions does the Hypothalamus control
- Sympathetics to Homeostasis, Endocrine, ANS, and Limbic systems
- HEAL
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The Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nuclei in the Hypothalamus have what function
- Regulate water balance
- Produce ADH and oxytocin
- Destruction of it causes Diabetes
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What is the function of the Anterior Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Thermal Regulation
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What is the function of the Preoptic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
- Contains Sexually dimorphic nuclei
- Regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones
- Center of male typical behavior
- "Looking (optic) at a sexy person effects this"
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What is the function of the Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
- Stimulation results in obesity and savage behavior
- Some Neurons produce Orexin for wakefulness, narcoleptics lack this function
- "People who lounge on there dorsum have these characteristics"
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What is the function of the Posterior Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
- Thermal regulation
- Stimulation causes heat conservation and vasoconstriction
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What is the function of the Lateral Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
- Stimulation induces eating
- Destruction results in starvation
- Regulates drive states for pleasure and reward
- "People that are large laterally"
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What is the function of the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
- Sexually Dimorphic
- Satiety center
- Destruction results in obesity and savage behavior
- "What happens when you vent?"
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What is the function of the Arcuate Nucleus
- Release Dopamine to inhibit release of prolactin from pituitary
- Effects hunger
- "Noahs arc was dope!"
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What is the purpose if the Mammilary bodies
- Invloved in learning and memory
- Destruction produces disorders in memory, emotion, and drive
- "I will never forget those mammillary glands!"
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What is the pathway of the Anterior Area of the Hypothalamus to reach the Pineal gland
- Retina
- Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
- Reticular Formation
- Intermediolateral neurons of spinal cord
- Superior cervical ganglion
- Pineal gland
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