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What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
- Primary are immunodeficiency disorders that you're born with (rare).
- Secondary are immunodeficiency disorders that you're not born with that are acquired during lifespan (common).
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Name 3 primary B-lymphocyted immunodeficiency disorders where ABY are reduced or missing and how are they treated?
- Hypogammaglobulinemia - all types of ABY's are decreased.
- Dysgammaglobulinemia - 1 type of ABY is decreased (usually IgA)
- Agammaglobulinemia
- (fatal; lack functional GALT and/or neonatal stem cells)
- Keep away from infections, give ABX, give ABY (passive artificial), bone marrow transplant in severe cases.
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What are the 2 causes of primary T-lymphocyte immunodeficiency disorder?
- Lack of functional thymus gland
- Lack of neonatal stem cells.
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What are the 2 effects of primary T-lymphocyte immunodeficiency disorder?
- Susceptability to infections.
- Susceptability to cancers.
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How do you treat primary T-lymphocyte immunodeficiency disorder?
- Keep away from infectious and cancer causing agents.
- Give ABX
- Give ABY
- Bone marrow transplant
- Stem cell transplant
- Thymus gland transplant
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Give 8 factors that induce secondary immunodeficiency disorders.
- Stress
- Poor diet
- Lack of sleep
- Smoking
- Excess alcohol
- Infections (HIV, flu, chicken pox, etc...)
- Chemicals (pesticides, herbicides, over use of ABX)
- Radiation exposure
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What is an immunohypersensitivity response?
An Allergy, over reaction by immune system against an AGN, which can result in harm to self
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How are allergies induced?
Usually due to over-exposure to the same large AGN
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What is the term for an AGN that the body becomes an allergic hypersensitive to, and what are they usually made of?
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What are the 2 types of immune hypersensitivity?
- Immediate hypersensitivity - allergy symptoms appear within 48 hours after exposure.
- Delayed hypersensitivity - allergy symptoms appear over 48 hours after exposure.
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In immediate hypersensitivity what is the general cause of the allergic reaction?
B-lymphocytes over react, producing excessive ABY's
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Give 3 examples of Immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
- Anaphylactic reaction
- Arthus reaction
- Cytotoxic reaction
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In an anaphylactic reaction describe the mechanism for the over reaction.
- When multiple exposures to an allergen cause some people to produce high levels of IgE.
- IgE Fab end attaches to the allergen, Fc end attaches to the surface of mast cells
- Overtime the mast cells burst, releasing histamine.
- Released histamine causes excess inflammation to occur (dilation of blood vessel, WBC's attracted, inflammation)
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What are the symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction on the skin?
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What are the symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction in the respiratory tract?
- Difficulty breathing
- Cough
- Light headedness, dizzy
- Respiratory failure
- Increased heart rate
- Increased BP
- Cardiac arrest
- Stroke
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What are the symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction of inhaled allergens?
- Sneezing
- Cough
- Tired
- Respiratory failure
- Increased heart rate
- Increased BP
- Cardiac arrest
- Stroke
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What are the symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction of ingested food allergens?
- Difficulty swallowing
- Hives
- Diarrhea
- Respiratory failure
- Increased heart rate
- Increased BP
- Cardiac arrest
- Stroke
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How do you treat anaphylactic reactions?
- Keep away from allergens
- Antihistimines
- Steroids
- Adrenalin (Epinephrine); vasoconstrictor
- Allergy shots (desensitization)
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In an arthus reaction describe the mechanism for the over reaction.
- Large dose of allergen/AGN directly into blood. (IV medications, IV drug use, snake bite)
- ABY binds to allergen, Complement attaches to ABY
- Allergen-ABY-Complement complex appear in blood
- Risk of blockage of blood vessels, blood clots, and hemorrhages
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In an Cytotoxic reaction describe the mechanism for the over reaction.
- Body
- makes excess ABY against self or altered self
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List 4 examples of cytotoxic immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
- Lupus (SLE) - ABY against DNA
- Rheumatoid arthritis - ABY against a protein in joints
- Multiple Sclerosis - ABY against myelin protein around nerve cells
- Rheumatic fever - ABY against a protein in the mitral valve of the heart (heart protein mistaken for a group A beta Strep.)
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Give 3 examples of delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
- Contact dermititis (skin rash) - poison ivy, cosmetics, insects, spiders
- Skin tests (TB test)
- Transplant rejection
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