BIOL230 Test 3 Immunity

Any substance foreign to the circulation (blood or lymph nodes) of the body that stimulates production of antibodies by the immune system.

A protein, produced by the Immune System (IS) in response to a specific AGN

Chemical part of AGN which reacts with a specific ABY.

Agglutination

• Localizes AGN - stops AGN from spreading
• The ABY helps phagocytes recognize the foreign AGN

• Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
• Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
• Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
• Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
• Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

• 1. 80%
• 2. Secondary exposure
• 3. yes

• 1. 6-8%
• 2. Primary exposure
• 3. no
• (5 IgG's attached at Fc end)

• 1. 10-13%
• 2. Secondary and late primary exposure
• 3. yes
• (2 IgG's attached at Fc end, secretion Ig, provides immunity to newborn)

• 1. 1%
• 2. Secondary exposure
• 3. yes
• (Memory ABY; When the body making IgD's the Fab end attaches to the epitope and the Fc end attaches to a B-lymphocyte and is retained as a reminder of how to make more ABY's)

• 1. 1-3%
• 2. Secondary exposure
• 3. yes
• Fc end if IgE attaches to a Natural Killer (NK) white blood cell that releases digestive enzymes that breakdown large AGN's

• Urine
• genital secretions
• breast milk
• nasal secretions
• tears
• saliva
• colostrum
• spinal fluid

Undifferentiated neonatal stem cells differentiate into either B or T lymphocytes starting the 1 month after birth.

• The thymus gland.
• *the thymus is active for only 1 month after birth, and is complete degenerated by puberty.

Gut Associated Lymph Tissue (GALT)

• Agglutination
• Precipitation
• Anti-viral ABY
• Anti-toxin ABY
• Anti-pili ABY
• Cytolysis
• Opsonization

When specific ABY's clump to an AGN in tissue to localize AGN and help phagocytosis.

When specific ABY's (IgA) clump to an AGN in secretions to localize AGN and help phagocytosis.

ABY attaches to and covers protein head of virus preventing viral adsorption to host cells.

ABY made against exotoxins changing the structure of the exotoxin protein, rendering it non-harmful.

ABY (IgA) made against bacterial pili. ABY attaches to bacterial pili, preventing attachment to host cell.

• Fab end of IgG attaches to the epitope of G-
• bacterial AGN in the blood.
• The Complement subunits (which are free flowing in the blood serum) attach to the Fc end of IgG, and once complete is called Whole Compliment.
• Whole Complement will cause damage to cell wall, bacteria bursts and dies.
• Released endotoxin may cause harm.

Complement is a complex serum protein consisting of 11 major subunits (C1Q, C1R, C1S, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9)

• IgG and certain subunits of Complement (C3B for example) help to destroy bacteria with capsules.
• ABY (IgG) attaches to capsule of bacteria
• C3B attaches to Fc end of IgG, creating a link that allows phagocytosis by WBC

• Passive natural
• Passive artificial
• Active natural
• Active artificial

• Short term immunity, usually less then 1 year, ABY is given not made.
• Maternal ABY's passed to baby through the placenta and breast milk.

• Short term immunity, usually less then 1 year, ABY is given not made.
• ABY given post exposure to AGN in a life threatening situation.

• Long term immunity, lasts for years, individual makes own ABY's.
• ABY's are made after infection and recovery to AGN.

• Long term immunity, lasts for years, individual makes own ABY's.
• Vaccinations (immunizations), you're given an altered form of AGN or epitope to stimulate ABY production.

• Dead AGN organism (boiled, formaldehyde, mercury)
• Attenuated AGN organism (weakened state)
• Non-virulent strain of AGN
• Toxoid - altered toxin
• Epitope

• DPT (Diphtheria - toxoid, Pertussis - epitope, Tetanus - toxoid)
• MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella - all attenuated viruses)
• Polio TOPV vaccine - attenuated, non-paralytic Polio virus
• Haemeophilis influenza Type B (HiB) vaccine -attenuated bacteria

• Hepatitis B
• Pneumococcal pneumonia
• Chicken Pox
• Rotavirus
• *Recommended - flu shot, Gardasil (HPV)

• AGN is introduced
• AGN is picked up by a type of T-lymphocyte called a T-helper cell.
• The T-helper cell processes the AGN and exposes the epitope surface of AGN.
• The epitope is transferred to the surface of a B-lymphocyte.
• The B-lymphocyte becomes a plasma cell.
• The plasma cell produces the ABY for that particular AGN.

• Foreign exogenous AGN is introduced into the body
• AGN is "met" by an AGN Presenting Cell (APC), usually a macrophage, APC attached to AGN, APC transfers epitope to surface of a T4-lymphocyte
• Epitope attaches to a protein called a T-Cell Receptor (TCR) on the surface of the T4 cell.
• T4 cell with attached epitope is now an activated T4 cell
• The activated T4 cell can either become a T-helper 1 (Th1) or a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell
• Th1 cell produces immune chemicals called lymphokines and cytokines
• Th2 carries epitope to a B-lymphocyte.
• Th2 transfers epitope to the surface of the B-lymphocyte.
• Epitope attaches to a protein called SIg on B-lymphocyte (SIg = Surface Immunoglobulin), and produces ABY

• Foreign endogenous AGN is introduced into the body
• AGN is "met" by an AGN Presenting Cell (APC), usually a macrophage, APC attached to AGN, APC transfers epitope to surface of a T8-lymphocyte
• Epitope attaches to a protein called a T-Cell Receptor (TCR) on the surface of the T8
• cell.
• T8 cell with attached epitope is now an activated T8 cell
• The activated T8 cell can either become a T-helper 1 (Th1), a T-helper 2 (Th2), a
• Cytotoxin-T-lymphocyte (CTL), T-memory, or T-suppressor cell cell
• Th1 cell produces immune chemicals called lymphokines and cytokines
• Th2 carries epitope to a B-lymphocyte.
• Th2 transfers epitope to the surface of the B-lymphocyte.
• Epitope attaches to a protein called SIg on B-lymphocyte (SIg = Surface Immunoglobulin), and produces ABY
• CTL - aggressive phagocyte that can attack cancer cells.
• T-memory cell; retains epitope as a reminder.
• T-suppressor cell; stops action of all T-lymphocytes
• (see Exogenous Cellular Immunity for Th1 and Th2 cells)