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Consciousness
A person's awareness of his or her own existence, sensations, and cognitions
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REM Sleep
Stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and marked brain activity.
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Activation-synthesis Hypothesis
The theory that dreams arise from random bursts of nerve cell activity, which may affect brain cells involved with hearing and seeing. The brain attempts to make sense of this hodgepodge of stimuli resulting in the experience of dreams.
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Circadian Rhythm
The body's daily fluctuations in response to the cycle of dark and light, which occur with blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature, blood sugar level, hormone levels and metabolism
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
A small part of the hypothalamus just above the optic chiasm that registers changes in light, leading to the production of hormones which regulate bodily functions.
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Night Terrors
Vivid and frightening experiences while sleeping. The sleeper might appear to be awake during the experience but has no memory of it the following day.
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Nightmare
A dream with strong negative emotion
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Narcolepsy
Sudden attacks of extreme drowsiness. Once asleep people with narcolepsy enter into REM sleep almost immediately.
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Insomnia
Repeated difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or waking up too early.
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Sleep Apnea
A disorder characterized by a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, usually preceded by a period of difficult breathing accompanied by loud snoring.
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As you descend into deep sleep, what happens to the patterns of your Brain Waves?
The amplitudes increase and the frequencies becomes slower
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Hypnosis
A state of mind characterized by a focused awareness on vivid, imagined experiences and decreasedawareness of the external environment
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Hypnotic induction
the procedure used to attain a hypnotic trance state
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Trance state
a hypnotically induced altered state of consciousness in which awareness of the external environment is diminished.
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Trance logic
an uncritical acceptance of incongrous, illogical events during a hypnotic trance
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Posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion regarding a change in perception, mood, or behavior that will occur after leavingthe hypnotic state.
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absorption
the capacity to concentrate totally on external material.
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trance theory
the view that a person in a trance experiences an altered, dissociated state of consciousness characterizedby increasing susceptibility and responsiveness to suggestions.
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sociocogniitve theory
the view that a person in a trance voluntarily enacts the role of a hypnotized person as he orshe understands it, which leads to behaviors and experiences believed to be produced by hypnosis.
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Meditation
an altered state of consciousness characterized by a sense of deep relaxation and loss ofself-awareness
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concentrative meditation
a form of meditation in which the meditator restricts attention and concentrates on one stimulus whiledisregarding everything else
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opening-up meditation
a form of meditation in which the mediator focuses on a stimulus but also broadens that focus toencompass the whole of his/her surroundings
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mindfulness meditation
a combination of concentrative and opening-up meditation in which the meditator focuses on whatever ismost prominent at the moment..
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Substance Abuse
drug or alcohol use that causes distress or trouble with functioning in major areas of life, occurs in dangerous situations, or leads to legal difficulties
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Disinhibition
the inhibiton of inhibitory neurons, which makes other neurons more likely to fire and which usually occurs as a result of depressant use.
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Inhibitory Conflict
an internal response when a behavior is both strongly instigated and inhibited.
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Alchohol Myopia
the disproportionate influence of immediate experience on behavior and emotion due to the effects ofalchohol use.
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
An originally neutral stimulus that acquires significance through pairings with an unconditionedstimulus (US).
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Conditional Response(CR)
A response that depends or is conditional on pairings of the conditioned stimulus with an unconditional stimulus, once learned, the conditioned response occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone.
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Trace conditioning
a type of forward classical conditioning where the presentation of the CS ends before the presentation of the US begins.
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Habituation
the learning that occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an organisms responsiveness to thestimulus.
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Conditioned emotional response (CER)
An emotional response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus.
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Operant conditioning
the process by which a behavior becomes associated with its consequences
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Law of Effect
Actions that subsequently lead to a "satisfying state of affairs" are more likely to be repeated.
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Reinforcement
the process by which consequences lead to an increase in the likelihood that the response will occur again.
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Response contingency
the relationship that occurs when a consequence is dependent on the organisms emittting the desiredbehavior.
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Reinforcer
An object or event that comes after a response and that changes the likelihood of its recurrence.
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Positive reinforcement
occurs when a desired reinforcer is presented after a behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of arecurrence of that behavior.
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Negative reinforcement
occurs when an unpleasant event or circumstance that follows a behavior is removed, thereby increasingthe likelihood of a reccuence of the behavior
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Positive punishment
occurs when a behavior leads to an undesired consequence, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a recurrence of that behavior.
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Negative punishment
occurs when a behavior leads to the removal of a pleasant event or circumstance, thereby decreasingthe likelihood of a recurrence of the behavior
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Primary reinforcer
An event or object such as food, water, or relief from pain, that is inherently reinforcing.
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Secondary reinforcer
an event or object, such as attention, praise, money, a good grade, or a promotion, that is reinforcingbut that doesnt inherently satisfy a physical need.
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Behavior modification
A technique that brings about therapeutic change in behavior through the use of secondaryreinforcers.
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Generalization
the ability to emit a learned behavior in response to a similar situation.
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Shaping
the gradual process of reinforcing an organism for behavior that gets closer to the desired behavior.
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Cognitive learning
the acquisition of information that often is not immediately acted on but is stored for later use.
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Latent learning
learning that occurs without behavioral signs.
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Insight learning
learning that occurs when a person or animal suddenly grasps what something meansand incorporates that new knowledge into old knowledge.
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Observational learning
learning that occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement.
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long term potentiation
A receiving neurons increased sensitivity to input from a sending neuron, resulting from previousactivation.
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Recall
the act of intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness, which requires transferring the information fromLTM to STM.
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Recognition
the act of encoding an input and matching it to a stored representation.
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Encoding specficity principle
the idea that memory is better when people are given cues that were present duringlearning.
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hypermnesia
memory that improves over time without feedback, particularly with repeated attempts to recall.
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Interference
the disruption of the ability to remember one piece of info by the presence of other info.
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Encoding
process of organizing and transforming incoming information so that it can be entered into memory.
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Storage
process of retaining information in memory
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Retrieval
process of digging information out of memory.
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Memory store
a set of neurons that serves to retain information over time.
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Sensory memory
A memory store that holds a large amount of perceptual input for a very brief time, typically less than 1 second
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Short-term memory
a memory store that holds relatively litle information for only a few seconds.
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Chunk
A unit of information, such as a digit, letter or word.
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Working memory
The system that includes two specialized STMs and a central executive that operates on information in themto plan, reason, or solve a problem
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Long-term memory
- a memory store that holds a huge amount of information for a long time (from hours to years)
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Stroop effect
When the name of a color (e.g., "blue," "green," or "red") is printed in a color not denoted by the name (e.g., the word "red" printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color
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serial position effect
having superior memory for the items at the beginning and the end of a list.
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Primacy effect
increased memory for the first few stimulu in a set.
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Recency effect
increased memory for the last few stimuli in a set.
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Code
A type of mental representation, an internal "re-presentation" of a stimulus or event
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Consolidation
The process of converting information stored dynamically in LTM into a structural change in the brain
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depth of processing
the number and complexity of the operations involved in processing information, expressed in a continuum from shallow to deep.
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flashbulb memory
An usually vivid and accurate memory of a dramatic event.
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transfer appropriate processing
- processing used to retrieve material that is the same type as was used when it wasorginally studied, which improves memory retrieval.
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Breadth of processing
processing that organizes and integrates information into previously stored information,often by making associations.
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Elaborative encoding
encoding that involves great breadth of processing.
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modality-specific memory stores
memory stores that retain input from a single sense, such as vision or audition, orfrom a specific processing system, such as language.
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Semantic memories:
memories of the meanings of words, concepts, and general facts about the world.
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episodic memories
memories of events that are associated with a particular context- a time, place, and circumstance
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explicit (or declarative) memories
:memories that can be retrieved at will and represented in STM
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Implicit(or nondeclarative) memories
Involuntary memories thats influence behavioror thinking.
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Priming
the result of having just performed a task that facilitates repeating the same or an associated task.
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