-
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Squamous cell carcinoma
-
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing's ulcer (increased ICP stimulates gastric acid secretion)
-
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
-
Skip lesions
Crohn's disease
-
Dissecting aneurysm
hypertension
-
Abdominal or descending aortic aneurysm
atherosclerosis
-
Atrophy of mammillary bodies
- Wernicke's encephalopathy--thiamine deficiency, associated with alcoholism. Causes triad of:
- 1. ataxia
- 2. ophthalmoplegia
- 3. confusion
-
Fibrosis and shrinkage of spleen (autospleenectomy)
sickle cell anemia
-
Bacteremia/pneumonia in an IV drug user
S. aureus
-
Bacteria associated with stomach cancer
H. pylori
-
Bacterial meningitis in adults and the elderly
Strep pneumonia
-
Bacterial meningitis in newborns and kids
Group B streptococcus--agalactiae (newborns), S. pneumonia and N. meningitidis (kids)
-
Benign melanocytic nevus
Spitz nevus, most common in first two decades
-
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease, associated with a defect in platelet adhesion
-
Brain tumor in adults
metastasis (supratentorial)>astrocytoma (n.b. glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwanomma
-
Brain tumor in kids
- Infratentorial--medulloblastoma (tumor of the cerebellum)
- Supratentorial--craniopharyngioma
-
Breast cancer, most common type
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
-
Breast mass
- 1. fibrocystic change
- 2. carcinoma (more common in post-menopausal women)
-
Benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
-
Bacteria that infects debiliated hospitalized pneumonia patients
Klebsiella
-
Primary cardiac tumor in kids
Rhabdomyoma
-
Cardiac manifestation of Lupus
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (non-bacterial, affects mitral valve)
-
Cardiac tumor in adults
- 1. metastasis
- 2. primary myxoma (more common in LA)
-
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Arnold-Chiari malformation (often causes hydrocephalus)
-
Chronic arrhythmia
A. fib (high risk of emboli)
-
Chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis
- Predisposes to gastric carcinoma
- Associated with pernicious anemia
-
Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma
Associated with maternal DES use during pregnancy
-
Most common cause of CAH
21 hydroxylase deficiency
-
Most common congenital cardiac abnormality
VSD
-
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Dubin-Johnson syndrome, black liver, due to inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile. Not clinically significant.
-
Common cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing world
TB
-
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD>RCA>LCA
-
Cretinism
Iodine deficiency/hypothyroidism
-
Cushing's syndrome
- Corticosteroid therapy
- Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
-
Cyanosis in a baby
Teratology of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
-
Cyanosis in an adult
VSD, ASD, PDA
-
Cause of death in CML
blast crisis
-
Cause of death in SLE
nephropathy
-
Dementia
- Alzheimer's
- multiple infarcts
-
-
DIC
- gram negative sepsis
- obstetric complications
- burn trauma
- cancer
-
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum
-
Ejection click
aortic or pulmonic stenosis
-
Most common esophageal cancer
squamous cell carcinoma, associated with smoking
-
-
Glomerulonephritis in adults
IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease)
-
Bacterial endocarditis
- rheumatic fever--mitral valve or aortic valve
- IV drug use--tricuspid valve
-
Most common Helminth infections in US
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Ascaris lumbricoides
-
Epidural hematoma
- rupture of middle meningeal artery due to head trauma
- fast bleeding
-
Subdural hematoma
- rupture of bridging veins, due to blunt trauma
- bleeding is slow, can take days to manifest
-
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
aneurysm in Circle of Willis
-
Hemochromatosis
- multiple transfusions causes Fe buildup
- Can result in:
- CHF
- hepatocellular carcinoma
-
HCC
cirrhotic liver, associated with Hep B and C
-
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
-
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
-
HLA-B27
- ankylosing spondylitis
- Reiter's syndrome
- ulcerative colitis
-
HLA-DR3 or DR-4
- DM type I
- rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE
-
Holosystolic murmur
- VSD
- tricuspid regurg
- mitral regurg
-
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
- hypercoagulability
- endothelial damage
- blood stasis
-
Secondary hypertension associated with ___
renal disease
-
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
thyroidectomy
-
Most common cause of hypopituitarism
adenoma
-
Common infection during blood transfusion
Hep C
-
3 types of kidney stones:
- calcium--radiopaque
- struvite--ammonium, radiopaque, formed by urease positive bacteria (P. vulgaris, staphylococcus)
- uric acid--radiolucent, diagnose with US
-
Eisenmenger's syndrome
- a late cyanotic shunt, in which a L-->R shunt becomes a R-->L shunt, due to increasing pulmonary hypertension. Caused by-
- ASD
- VSD
- PDS
-
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's
-
Malignancy associated low grade fever, weight loss, and night sweats
Hodgkin's
-
Malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
-
Causes of mental retardation
- Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Fragile X syndrome (anticipation)
-
Mets to bone
- breast
- lung
- liver
- testes
- prostate
- kidney
-
Mets to brain
- lung
- breast
- skin (melanoma)
- kidney (RCC)
- GI
-
Mets to liver
- colon
- gastric
- pancreatic
- breast
- lung
-
Mitral valve stenosis
rheumatic heart disease
-
-
Common neoplasms in kids
- ALL
- Cerebellar medulloblastoma
-
Common nephrotic syndrome in adults
Membranous glomerulonephritis
-
Nephrotic syndrome in kids
Minimal change disease, associated with infection/vaccination. Treat with corticosteroids.
-
Opening snap
mitral stenosis
-
Opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
PCP
-
Common site of mets
adrenals, due to rich blood supply
-
Most common organ to give off mets
lungs>breast, stomach
-
Osteomyelitis-
1. Most common
2. In sickle cell disease
3. In IV drug users
- Most common--S. aureus
- Sickle cell--salmonella
- IV drug users--pseudomonas
-
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma, linitis plastica
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
-
Most common benign ovarian tumor
serous cystadenoma
-
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
-
Pancreatic tumor
adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas (can compress bile duct and cause jaundice)
-
Causes of acute pancreatitis
- alcoholism, gallstones
- (alcoholism and CF cause acute pancreatitis)
-
Most commonly affected with Hodgkin's
Young males (except for nodular sclerosing type, which is young females)
-
Common cause of PID
N. gonorrhea (also causes arthritis of large joints)
-
Philadelphia chromosome
- t(9:22)
- CML
- produce bcr-abl fusion
- treat with Gleevec (imatinib)
-
Common pituitary tumor
- prolactinoma
- somatotrophic (acidophilic) adenoma
-
Primary amenorrhea
Turners, XO
-
Cause of primary bone tumor in adults
multiple myeloma (CRAB)
-
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small and medium blood vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease, associated with smoking
-
Renal tumor
- RCC, associated with von Hippel-Lindau and APCD
- can cause paraneoplastic syndromes, due to oversecretion of EPO/renin/PTH/ACTH
-
Right heart failure, due to pulmonary cause
cor pulmonale
-
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
increased ventricular filling (L-->R shunt, mitral regurg, LV failure)
-
S4 (presystolic gallop)
sound of blood hitting a non-compliant LV (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
-
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
-
Most common STD in US
Chlamydia
-
SIADH
associated with SCC of the lung
-
Common sites of atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta>coronary arteries>popliteal artery>carotids
-
Stomach ulcerations and elevated gastrin
ZE (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
-
t(14:18)
follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 activation)
-
t(8:14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
-
Temporal arteritis
risk of ipsilateral blindness, due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery
-
Most common thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
-
Most common tumor in women
leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
-
Tumor of infancy
hemangioma
-
Adrenal medulla tumors
- Adults--pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
- Kids--neuroblastoma (usually malignant)
-
Causes of UTIs
- E. coli
- Staph saprophyticus
-
Cause of viral encephalitis
HSV
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