Bio

-_____ _______ -failure of homologus chromosomes to separate during meiosis. result in an individual having too much or too little genetic info

-___________________ -gene acting to prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells -works to stop the development of cancerous cells -mutations are recessive (need two bad copies)

Ch9 II. Bacterial Reproductioncont...B. _____________
1. sexual reproduction of bacterial cells 2. exchanging of ______(extra genetic info) between bacteria that are genetically different

Cancer Treatment a. ________
b. _____________
1. use of chemicals to destroy rapidly dividing cells
c. _________
1. use of energy to destroy rapidly dividing cells

-____________ -the sister chromatids begins to loosen, change from the appearance of chromosomes to chromatin -the nuclear membrane begins to reappear around both DNA molecules, on separate sides of the cell -the process of cytokinesis will occur during teleophase -cytokinesis – cytoplasmic separation, that results in two separate cells -there are two types of cytokinesis, depending on the cell type, cleavage furrow in animal cells and cell plate formation in plant cells

Formation of a Tumor -_________- mass of rapidly dividing cells
-__________ – cells remain in original location
-______________ – cells move to new location

-_________ -nuclear division that occur in somatic cells -result in the production of genetically identical cells

A. __________: -the alternating of growth and reproduction of cells

Ch12 - chromosomes and human inheritance I. Background Information -_______
- chromosomes that determine non-sex characteristics of an individual -____ _________
-chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
-females have 2x chromosomes
-males have an x and y chromosomes

-predict genotype and phenotype of offspring
-______
- genetics (can't be seen) -_______
- physical characteristics (can be seen) -_______
- same letters (2 upper, 2 lower) -_______
- different letters -________
- uppercase letters-________
- lowercase letters

I. Background Info-
_________ -condensed, tightly coiled appearance of DNA
-__________ -loose, scattered appearance of DNA-__________ -DNA double helix

_________-constricted region where sister chromatids are attached (roughly center of chromosome)-
_________ -protein binding sites for cytoskeleton during cellular reproduction
-_________-structures responsible for the organization of mitotic spindle (long thin fibers that move chromosomes)

-________ -have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent)
-_________ -having only one copy of each chromosome

-_______ ________ - many genes will have more than one allele becuase of mutations -__________ -two dominant alleles being expressed equally, (ex: ABO BloodType)
-so both alleles are showing up at the same time, which is contrary to what he used to say that one is dominant and one is kinda in the background

-Binary fusion cont.
-Divided into 3 phases -____________ -Bacterial DNA (circular) is copied and attached to the plasma membrane
-_________-increase of cell size and content between the replicated DNA
-_________ -bacterial cells split between the replicated DNA

A. Cell Cycle: 1. the alternating of growth and reproduction of cells
2. Divided into two parts: _________ and _________

Divided into 4 phases -__________
-genetic info changes in appearance from chromatin to chromosome -nuclear membrane will fragment and disappear
-__________ -chromosomes line up in the center of the cell -_________ -separation of sister chromatidscont...

Disorders
-__________ - -formed from non-disjunction of the sex chromosome
-female with three copies of the X chromosome. Her genotype is XXX
-female is "normal"

ch11 III. Punnett Square-___________
-prediction of genotype and phenotype of offspring

-Meiosis
-nuclear division that (will/will not) produce genetically identical cells
-production of 4 _____ cells from 1 _____ cell
-occur in the ___ cells (sperm and eggs cells) -reduction/division process
-crossing over: exchanging of genetic info between __________ chromosomes

genetic disorders cont... -______ _______________ -formed from non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes -male with 2 copies of the chromosome and 1 copy of the X chromosome. His genotype is XYY -male is "normal"

enetic disorders cont.. -______ ______ -
-formed from non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes
-female with only one copy of X chromosome. Her genotype is XO
-female is sterile, small in stature, show signs of mental retardation and lack or have diminished secondary sexual characteristics

genetic disorders cont... -_________ _____________ -formed from non-disjunction in the sex chromosomes
-male with 2 copies of the X chromosome and 1 copy of the Y chromosomes. His genotype is XXY
-male will be sterile and have mixed secondary sexual characteristics

I. Bacterial Reproduction-______________ -asexual reproduction of bacterial/prokaryotic cells
-production of genetically identical cells

ch9 III. Cell cycle-Cell Cycle:
1. the alternating of growth and reproduction of cells
2. Divided into two parts: interphase and mitosis
3. __________ – q. first and longest phase of the cell cycle b. divided into three stages
:1. ___: replication of cellular components (everything but the nucleus)
2. ___: replication of genetic material
3. ___: last minute checkpoint

-genetic background -______________-normal healthy gene that control cellular division. -Promotes cellular division -___________ -mutated version of proto-oncogene
-promotes the development of cancerous cells -mutations are dominant (need only one bad copy)

I. Genetic Disorders -_________
-formed from non-disjunction of the autosomes -result in the individual having three copies of chromosome #21
-results in Down Syndrome

Mendel’s Hypothesis-Mendel’s 5 Part Hypothesis
-Every gene will have ___ alleles (alternate forms or variations of genes)
-Law of ________ – alleles will separate during meiosis
-Law of ____________________ – allele separation is completely random

Ch 10 I. Background Info-
Sexually reproducing cells
-____ cell in women
-_______ cell in men
-___________________-chromosomes that are the same length, shape and carry the same genes in the same order

V. Cancer-____________– uncontrolled cellular division of somatic cells

. Cancer stages: 1. _______ -change in the proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor regio of a gene resulting in the loss of normal control of cellular division

I. Mendel's Hypothesis law of independent assortment cont.
-One allele is ______(mask/hide the expression of another allele) and one allele is _______ (masked/hidden in the presence of another allele) -individuals are ________ (having the same alleles for a gene) or _________ (having different alleles for a gene)

3. Invasion
-_________ – spreading of cancer cell from their original sites to form new secondary tumors

-_____ _______ -failure of homologus chromosomes to separate during meiosis. result in an individual having too much or too little genetic info
-______ _________ -genetic disorders carried on the sex chromosomes

Ch11 variations cont... -_________ ______ - dominant allele does not completely hide the recessive allele. Heterozygote is an intermediate of both alleles (ex. pink flowers)
-_________ _________ - many genes control one physical characteristic (ex. eye color or skin tone) -_______ - one gene controls many physical characteristics (ex. SRY gene in males)