ch 2

anything that has mass & occupies space

the capacity to do work

energy of position

energy of motion

stored in bonds of substances

movement of charged particles

involved in moving matter

travels in waves of varying lengths, light infrared radiowaves xrays microwaves

smallest qualities of matter which retain all the properties of an element

particular quantity of matter

C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Fe, Mg

• Carbon
• hydrogen
• oxygen
• nitrogen

• protons
• neutrons

each atom has a unique number of protons

# of protons + # of neutrons

variant forms of an atom (vary in # of neutrons)

unstable forms that decompose to more stable forms (decay)

octet rule, atoms tend to establish completely filled outer energy levels

lose an electron

gain an electron

combinations of matter, physically intermingled

homogenous (even)

greater amount

smaller amount

measures of concentration

• quantity of matter equal to its molecular weight in grams
• ex. glucose (C6H1206)

c=(12.01)x 6 + 12 (1.008) + 6(15.999)= 180.156 g

6.02 X 10 ^23

• emulsions
• heterogeneus, appears milky, particles dont settle out
• eg. cytoplasm

heterogeneous, larget parts settle out if not kept in motion, blood

2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

a molecule where the atoms are of different types

2 atoms of oxygen

2 O atoms, 1 Carbon atom

• ionic
• covalent
• hydrogen

total loss or gain of an electron

"stable marriage" - goal of all bonding is to meet the rule of 8.

• sharing of electrons is linear = equal sharing of electrons
• ex: children of shared custody; equal time between two parents

unequal sharing of electrons. one nucleus has stronger pull when electrons are pulled towards one element that atom has a slightly negative charge