-
PA Caldwell
(Moified Caldwell)
- OML perpendicular
- 15˚ caudad
- modified- 25˚-30˚ caudad
- -exits at nasion (for mandible exit at junction of lips)
-
PA
- OML perpendicular
- 0˚- exits glabella (mandible exits at junction of lips)
-
AP Towne
- OML perpendicular- 30˚ caudad
- IOML perpendicular- 37˚ caudad
- -exits 2 1/2" above glabella
-
lateral
- MSP parallel to IR
- interpupillary line perpendicular it IR
- IOML perpendicular to cassette
- 0˚- exits 2 1/2" above EAM (btwn glabella and inion)
-
SMV
- IOML parallel to CR
- perpendicular to IOML- exits 1 1/2" below mandibular symphysis
- (btwn gonions)
-
Haas
- OML perpendicular to IR
- 25˚ cephalad- exits 1 1/2" above nasion
-
Waters
(modified waters)
- MML perpendicular to IR
- Modified- LML perpendicular (never for sinuses only facial)
- 0˚- exit at acanthion
-
temporomandibular joint mvnt
- synovial
- bicondylar, plane
-
alveoli and roots of teeth
-
bones of orbits
- SLEPFMZ
- *sphenoid, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, frontal, maxilla, zygoma
-
facial bones
- 2 maxillae
- 2 zygomatic
- 2 lacrimal
- 2 nasal
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
- 2 palatine
- 1 vomer
- 1 mandible
-
sinuses
- 2 maxillary
- 2 frontal
- 2 ethmoid
- 1-2 sphenoid
-
processes of maxilla
- frontal
- zygomatic
- alveolar
- palatine
-
superior and middle nasal conchae
ethmoid
-
inferior nasal conchae
facial bones
-
symphysis pubis
anterior part of mandible
-
coronoid process
u shaped notch on the mandible
-
frontal sinuses
located between inner and outer tables of the skull posterior to the glabella
-
ethmoid
in lateral masses of labyrinths
-
sphenoid
directly posterior to sella turcica
-
optic foramen
a small hole in the spheniod bone that is located posteriorly at the apex of the cone shaped orbit
-
superior orbital fissure
opening between greater and lesser wing of sphenoid bone
-
inferior orbital fissure
between the maxilla, the zygomatic bone, and greater wing of the sphenoid
-
sphenoid strut
small root of bone that seperates the superior orbital fissure from optic canal
-
blowout fracture
fracture of the floor of the orbit cause by an object striking the eyes straight on
-
tripod fracture
blow to the cheek that fractures the zygoma in 3 places
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