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Sulci enlargement can cause what clinical symptoms
- Major memory loss
- Inability to learn new things
- Impaired language functions
- Depression
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What does a WADA test consist of
Hemispheres are put to sleep independent of each other by putting drugs into the carotid arteries. The hemisphere is then tested with the patient awake through a series of questions.
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Neural stimulation test
With the patient awake and the brain revealed, areas of the brain are turned off to determine their significance
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Heterotropia
Grey matter being in the wrong place in the brain, epilepsy almost always accompanies
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Subependymal heterotopia
Grey matter right next to the ventricle (most common heterotopia) epilepsy is usually present
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Subcortical heterotopia
Grey matter is found in the white matter, neurological profiles are often severe and have epilepsy
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Band heterotopia
"Double Crotex" found between the lateral ventricle and cortex, varies from normal to severe, epilepsy present
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Neocortex
This is the outer layer of the cortex when all six layers are present (90% of the brain)
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Allocortex
Portions of the cortex made of only 3 layers instead of the normal 6. Only 10% of the brain is like this. It is found in the olfactory cortex and hippocampus
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All of the cortical layers are organized around what layer
The 4th layer
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What cell types are found inlayers III and V
- Mainly pyramidal cells
- Efferent Neurons
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80% of the cortex is made up of what type cells, containing what type of neurons
Pyramidal which contain Efferent and Association neurons
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What is the main cell type of the fourth layer of the cortex
Stellate or granule cells (Interneurons)
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What layers are the supragranular layers of the cortex and what cortex are they found in predominantly
- Layers I, II, III,
- These connect to other areas of the cortex and are most prominant in the associative cortex
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The granular layer is what layer, receives input from where, and most commonly found in what cortex
- IV
- Thalamus
- Most prominant in the primary sensory cortex
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What are the infragranular layers
Layers V and VI, they connect to the subcortical regions
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Layer V of the cortex sends signals to, and is most prominant where
- Basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord
- It is most prominant in the motor cortex
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Layer VI send output to
Thalamus
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Cortical thinning is observed in cases of
Depression, schizophrenia, low birth weight, post tramatic stress disorder, ....
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Alzheimers disease is found early and then later in what layers of the cortex
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When do the Longitudinal, Sylvian, and Transverse fissures develop
By week 22
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When do the secondary and tertiary sulci develop
- 2nd: 32 weeks
- 3rd: Last month of gestation
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Where and when does the myelination of the cortex start and end
- Starts in utero in the motor cortex
- Ends between 20-25 yrs old in the frontal lobes
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Synaptic plasticity
Unused neurons disappear while active neurons connect and consolidate
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Adult neurogenesis happens where and can be affected by what
- Happens in the hippocampus and olfactory bulbs
- Stress limits it while exercise stimulates
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Miller-Dieker syndrome
- Neuronal migration disorder
- Delayed development
- Absence of sulci/gyri
- 4 cortical layers instead of 6
- Lissencephaly
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Lissencephaly
- Smooth brain
- Absence of Sulci/Gyri
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Schizencephaly
Abnormal pattern of sulcal and gyral development
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Association fibers in the cortex travel how
Ipsilateral hemisphere, not to another hemisphere
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Commissural fibers in the cortex travel how
Between hemispheres
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Projection fibers in the cortex travel how
Outside of the cortex, (cranial nerves)
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Unimodal vs Heteromodal
Unimodal is higher order processing in the cortex for a single sensory or motor modality, Hetero is multiple sensory and or motor modalities
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Hemineglect syndrome
Neglect is shown for the contralateral aspects of a patients world and they don't realize that anything is wrong. Effects are usually caused by lesions in the right parietal or frontal lobe
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Broca's Area
- Portion of the cortex responsible for speech production, it is found close to the motor areas usually on the left lobe
- BA 44 and 45
- "Broca'n Speech"
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Wernicke's area
- Portion of the cortex that is responsible for the speech comprehension and is found close to the auditory areas between the temporal and parietal portions of the left lobe
- BA 22
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Angular gyrus
- Location of reading and semantic processing in the inferior parietal lobe
- BA 39
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Supramarginal gyrus
- Location of phonological and articulatory processing in the inferior parietal lobe
- BA 40
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Where in the cortex does one normally control the inflections of their voice
In the non-dominant hemisphere normally the right
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The intergration of social clues, Pragmatism (straight forward talk like, "get me water"), and metaphoric ideas are processed where
Normally in the right hemisphere
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When does one develop semantic processing (understanding complete meanings of words)
12 months old
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When does one develop the ability to put words together in a meaningful way (syntactic processing)
30 months old
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What is the differnce in damage to the language area of the brain between children and adults
Children are more likely able to recover because it isn't fixed to a certain location in the brain yet
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When is the easiest time for someone to learn a second language
- Before puberty, it becomes effortless then
- This is true for both sign and spoken languages
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How can learning another language be healthy
It appears to be neuroprotective against dementia, stroke, ect.
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What happens to someone with Broca's aphasia
- They are unable to create grammatically-complex sentences
- Often meaningful and accurate content
- Patients are aware of the impairment
- Comprehension is preserved
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What happens in a patient with Wernickes aphasia
- They have poor comprehension
- Poor semantic content: vague meaningless
- Grammar is preserved
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Anomic aphasia
Naming is impaired
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Conduction aphasia
- Lesion of arcuate fasciculus
- Naming is impaired
- Repetition is impaired
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Global aphasia is due to a lesion where
- Lesion on either in the thalamus, internal capsule, and/or basal ganglia
- All language functions are impaired
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Semantic Pragmatic disorder
- Lesion to right hemisphere affecting language
- Autism
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Dysexecutive syndrome
- Often as a result of a car accident or traumatic brain injury
- Severe handicap in everyday life (shopping, looking before crossing the street)
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Attention to a specific task is controlled via
- Anterior cingulate cortex
- Prefrontal cortex
- Precentral sulcus
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Where is memory controlled
- Frontal cortex
- Parietal cortex
- Anterior Cingulate cortex
- Basal Ganglia
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