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Insertion
The additon of one or more bases to DNA, usually producing a frameshift mutation.
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Intron
Region of a gene (or mRNA) in eukaryotic cells that does not code for a protein
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Lagging strand
The new strand of DNA formed in short, discontinuous DNA segments during DNA replication
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Ligase
An enzyme that joins together DNA segments
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Light Repair
Repair of DNA dimer by a light-activated enzyme.
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Locus
The location of a gene on a chromosome
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messenger RNA
- (mRNA)
- a type of RNA that carries the information from DNA to dictate the arragement of amino acids in a protein
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Mutagen
An agent that increases the rate of mutations
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Mutation
A permanent alteration in an organism's DNA
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Nonsense Codon
A set of three bases in a gene (or mRNA) that does not code for an amino acid
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Okazaki Fragment
One of the short, discontinuous DNA segments formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
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Operon
A sequence of closely associated genes that includes both structural genes and regulatory sites that control transcription
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Phenotype
The specific observable characteristics displayed by an organism
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Photoreactivation
Light-repair
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Point Mutation
Mutation in which one base is substituted for another at a specific location in a gene
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Polymerace chain reaction
(PCR)
a technique that rapidly produces a billion or more identical copies of a DNA fragment without needing a cell.
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Polyribosome
A long chain of ribosomes attached a t different points along an mRNA molecule
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Prototroph
A normal, nonmutant organism
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Radiation
Light rays, such as x-rays and ultraviolet rays, tht can act as mutagens
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Regulator Gene
Gene that controls the expression of structural genes of an operon through the synthesis of a repessor protein.
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Regulatory Site
The promoter and operator regions of an operon
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Riplication Fork
A site at which the two strands of the DNA double helix separate during replication and new complementary DAN strands form
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Repressor
In an operon it is the protein that binds to the operator, thereby preventing transcription of adjacent genes
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Restriction Endonuclease
An enzyme that cuts DNA at precise base sequences
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Reverse Transcription
An enzyme found in retroviruses that copies RNA into DNA
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Ribosomal RNA
- (rRNA)
- A type of RNA that, together with specific proteins, makes up the ribosomes.
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RNA polymerase
An enzyme that binds to one strand of exposed DNA during transcription and catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from the DNA template
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