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To sustain life, an animal must gain nutrients, ________ ________, and shed waste products. This involves every cell in the body
exchange gases
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For large animals, a true circulatory system is required to bring oxygen and nutrients close enough to cells for __________ to occur
diffusion
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A circulatory system consists of (3 things):-
-a heart (muscular pump)
- blood (circulatory fluid)
- a set of tubes/ vessels to carry the blood
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2 types of circulatory systems:
1) Open: Blood is pumped through open-ended vessels and bathes the tissues and organs directly. There is no distinction between the blood and interstitial fluid.- many invertebrates,incl. grasshoppers & mollusks
2) Closed: = Cardiovascular System (Greek kardia (heart), vas (vessel)Blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid. - all vertebrates,incl. fish & human
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Land vertebrates have ________ circulation
double
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3 types of blood vessels:
1) Arteries carry blood from the heart to the organs and tissues. (here, pulmonary arteries)
2) Veins carry blood from the organs and tissues to the heart. (here, pulmonary veins)
3) Capillaries transfer blood between arteries and veins within tissues.
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Double circulation is:
circulation with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits; ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs
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The _______ circuit transports blood between the heart and lung
pulmonary
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The ________ circuit transports blood between the heart and the rest of the bod
systemic
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The path of any single blood cell is:
always heart to lung capillaries to heart to body tissue capillaries and back to heart
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The mammalian heart has __chambers.
4
- 2 thin-walled atria that pump blood to ventricles and
-2 thick-walled ventricles that pump blood to lungs and all other body regions
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The heart pumps in a rhythmic cycle of contraction and relaxation called the _____ cycle
cardiac
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Materials are not exchanged directly between blood and body cells. Each cell is immersed in ______ fluid. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from capillaries into the _______ fluid and then from the fluid to the tissue cells
interstintial
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______ blood cells (a.k.a. erythrocytes) contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen.______ blood cells (a.k.a. leukocytes) come in 5 types & fight infections and cancer.Platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting
Red
White
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When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets help trigger the conversion of _______ to fibrin, which forms a clot that plugs the leak
fibrinogen
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_______ (most plants) i.e. HibiscusTwo cotyledonsBranched leaf venationRing of vascular bundlesFlower parts in 4s or 5s (or multiples)
Eudicots
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what group of angiosperm have:
Veins usually parallel
MONOCOT
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what group of angiosperm have:
One cotyledon
monocot
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what group of angiosperm have:
Vascular bundles incomplex arrangement
monocot
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what group of angiosperm have: Floral parts usuallyin multiples of three
Monocot
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what group of angiosperm have: Fibrousroot system
monocot
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what group of angiosperm have: Two cotyledons
EUDICOT
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what group of angiosperm have: Veins usually branched
Eudicot
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what group of angiosperm have:Vascular bundles arranged in ring
Eudicot
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what group of angiosperm have: Floral parts usually inmultiples of four or five
Eudicots
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what group of angiosperm have: Taprootusually present
Eudicots
-
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Roots lack _____ and live in the dark. Roots would starve without carbohydrates transported from photosynthetic leaves in the shoot
chloroplast
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The terminal bud produces hormones that inhibit growth of the axillary buds = ______ ________
apical dominance
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Plants have 3 types of tissues
1) Dermal tissue - outer protective covering
2) Vascular tissue - support and long-distance transport
3) Ground tissue - bulk of the plant body; food production, storage, & suppor
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Dermal tissue consists of a layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis and has a waxy layer called _______ reduces water loss. It is the first line of defense against damage and infection. (like epithelial tissue w/ keratin layer)
cuticle
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Vascular tissue is composed of ______ and ________ arranged in bundles.(like circulatory system)
xylem: non-living part of a plant’s vascular system; transports inorganic nutrients from roots to shoots.-
phloem: transports organic nutrients (sugars/carbohydrates) and hormones from roots to shoots
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Ground tissue occupies that spaces between dermal and vascular tissues. Leaf ground tissue is called ______. (like adipose (fat) tissue)
mesophyll
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The epidermis is interrupted by pores called _______ (singular _____) which allow for carbon dioxide exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf. Each ______ if flanked by two guard cells that regulate the size of the _____.
stomata
Stoma
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Vascular tissue is arrainged in a circular pattern in what group of angiosperm:
Eudicot
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Vascular tissue is arrainged in a random pattern in what group of angiosperm
Monocot
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Water and minerals enter through the epidermis. ______ = wheel spokes (lt.)________= wedges (dark
Xylem, Phloem
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Plants cells have 3 structures that distinguish them from animals cells.
1) Chloroplasts used in photosynthesis
2) A large, fluid-filled vacuole
3) A cell wall composed of cellulose
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Openings in cell walls called ____________ allow cells to communicate and exchange materials easily
plasmodesmata
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Plant growth is _________, which means growth occurs throughout a plant’s life
indeterminate
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Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots ______ ______ are found at the tips of roots and shoots; sites of primary growth
Apical meristems
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___________ growth increases the girth of woody plant
Secondary
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Flowers typically contain four types of highly modified leaves called floral organs.
Sepals—enclose and protect flower bud
- Petals—showy; attract
- pollinators
Stamens—male reproductive structures
- Carpels—female
- reproductive structure
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A stamen has 2 parts
1) ______- produces pollen, which houses cells which develop into sperm
2) _______- elevates the anther
Anther
Filament
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A carpel has three parts
1) ______- site of pollination
2) ______- “neck” that leads to the ovary
3) _____- houses ovules, which contain developing egg
Stigma
Style
Ovary
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Plant life cycles involve alternating _____(2n) and ______(n) generations.- The ____generation is called the sporophyte. Specialized _____cells in anthers and ovules undergo meiosis to produce ____ spores.- The ____spores undergo mitosis and produce the ____ generation.The ______ generation is called the gametophyte
- diploid haploid
- Diploid, diploid
- haploid, haploid, haploid, haploid
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Gametophytes produce gametes via mitosis.
- The ____ gametophyte is a pollen grain.
- The _____ gametophyte is an embryo sac
male
female
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_______ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. _____ is carried by wind, water, and animals
Pollination, Pollen
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The green color in plants comes from _______, which is an important light absorbing pigment in chloroplasts
chlorophyll
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Carbon dioxide and water are waste products of _______ ______.
cellular respiration
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Cellular respiration occurs in the _______ and uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water
mitochondria
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Photosynthesis occurs in ________ and uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
chloroplasts
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_______ are living things that are able to make their own food without using organic molecules derived from any other living thing
Autotrophs
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Autotrophs that use the energy of light to produce organic molecules are called __________
photoautotrophs
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_______ are the ultimate source of organic molecules for almost all other organisms
Plants
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_______is the process by which photoautotrophs use light energy to make sugars and other organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and wate
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis occurs in ______ in plant cells
chloroplasts
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Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the ______, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf
mesophyll
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______are tiny pores in the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit
Stomata
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______ in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots
Veins
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Like cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation), photosynthesis is a _______process
redox
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_____reactions: electrons are lost from one substance and added to another.
Redox
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During oxidative phosphorylation, the electrons lose potential as they travel down an energy hill, the electron transport system
In contrast, the food-producing _____ reactions of photosynthesis reverse the flow and involve an uphill climb
redox
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Photosynthesis occurs in two metabolic stages within a chloroplast.The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ______and NADPH.
ATP
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Light energy is converted in the thylakoid membranes to chemical energy and ___.
O2
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The _____cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
Calvin
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