PSY ch2

a nerve cell

Life support center of the neuron.

• Branching extensions at the cell body.
• Receives messages from other neurons.

• Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin sheath.
• Messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

speeds up messages through neurons

Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed.

of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon.

a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Chemincal messengers that cross the synaptic gaps sending neurons.

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.

Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation.

• (Neurotransmitter)
• enables muscle action, learning, and memory
• Ex. Alzheimers disease.

• (Neurotransmitter)
• Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

• (Neurotransmitter)
• Affects mood, hunger, slee, and arousal.

• (Neurotransmitter)
• Helps control alertness and arousal.

• (Neurotransmitter)
• A major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

• (Neurotransmitter)
• A major excitatory nurotransmitter.
• Involved in memory

Mimics neurotransmitters

Blocks neurotransmitters.

• It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.
• Consists of all the nerve cells of peripheral and central nervous system.

the brain and spinal cord.

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.

Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.

Carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the brain and spinal cord(CNS).

Carry outgoing info from the brain & spinal cord (CNS) to muscles and glands.

• connect the two neurons (sensory & motor)
• Neurons within the brain & spinal cord that communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs & motor inputs.

Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles glands and sense organs.

• The body's "slow" chemical communication system
• A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the encocrine glands, travel throught the bloodstream & affect other tissues.

• Is called the “master gland.”
• The endocrine system's most influential gland
• Releases hormones that influence growth.

affects metabolism

Helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

A pair of endocrine glands that sit jst above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine) that help aourse the body in times of stress.

• They regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.
• Sex glands are located in different places in men and women.

• the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull.
• It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.

Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

• is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem.
• It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

tissue destruction

An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task.

a technique that uses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer-generated images of sort tissue.

a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex

consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

• It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions.
• It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

• (forhead)
• Receives sensory input for touch & body position

(top to rear head)

• (back head)
• Includes areas that recive info from the visual fields.

• (side of head)
• Includes the auditory areas, each receiving info primarily from the opposite ear.

area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements.

• (parietal cortex)
• receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

impairment of language

impaired speaking

impaired understanding

refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness.

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemisphere & carrying msgs between them.