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Terminology
- gastro = stomach
- peri = surrounding , odonti = teeth , um = ending
- gingiva = gums
- gastro = stomach , enter = sm intestine , ologist = specialist
- cheil = lips , osis = disease (cracks in corner of mouth)
- stomat/o = mouth , myc = fungus , osis = disease
- xer/o = dry , stom = stomach , ia = pertaining to
- dys = difficult , phagia = swallowing
- pyr = fever , osis = disease (heartburn)
- steat/o = fat , osis = disease
- cholang = bile duct , itis = inflammation
- cholecyst = gallbladder , algia = pain
- proct = rectum , ectomy = sergical removal
- pexy = surgical fixation
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Digestive System
Structure
- Oral Cavity (mouth)
- Pharynx (throat)
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
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Digestive System
Accessory Organs
- Liver (stores glucose / produces bile)
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
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Lower GI
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
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Oral Cavity
- Lips
- Hard / Soft Palates
- Salivary Glands
- Tongue
- Teeth
- Periodontium
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Dentition
- Natural teeth (4 types)
- Baby = 20 , Adult = 32
- Incisors (8) & Canines (4) = Cuspids (bite / tear)
- Premolers (8) = Bicuspids (chewing & grinding)
- Molers (12) = Tricuspids (chewing & grinding)
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Saliva
- Begins digestive process
- Lubes food during chewing / swallowing
- Parotid Gland = inside back of cheek
- Sublingual Gland = under tongue
- Submandibular Gland = floor of mouth near mandible
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Esophagus
Connects pharynx to stomach
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Lower Esophageal Sphincter
- Cardiac Sphincter
- Between esophagus and stomach
- Prevents stomach contents from entering esophagus
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Stomach
- Fundus = top
- Body = main
- Antrum = lower
- Rogae = folds to allow expansion
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Pylorus
Narrow passageway connects stomach to small intestine
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Pyloric Sphincter
Controls flow from stomach to Duodenum of small intestine
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Small Intestine
- Where absorption of nutrients from chyme occurs
- 20ft long
- 3 sections:
- Duodenum = 1st portion, smallest of sections, prone to ulcers, 10" long
- Jejunum = middle portion, 8ft long, most absorption occurs, lined with villi
- Ileum = last section, 12ft long, leads to large intestine
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Large Intestine
- From small intestine to anus
- Waste products of digestion are processed for excretion through anus
- 5ft long
- Main function to reabsorb liquid from chyme
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Large Intestine
Cecum
- Pouch from ileum to colon
- Ileocecal Sphincter = controls from small intestine to large intestine
- Veriform Appendix = hangs from lower cecum, worm like shape, contains lymphoid tissue
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Large Intestine
Colon
- Longest portion (4 parts)
- Ascending Colon = up from cecum to liver
- Transverse Colon = horizontally to spleen (R-L)
- Descending Colon = down to sigmoid
- Sigmoid Colon = "S"-shaped to rectum (most fecal made here)
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Large Intestine
Rectum
- Widest of large intestine
- Last 4"
- Ends at anus
- Where defication occurs
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Large Intestine
Anus
- Lower opening of digestive tract
- Flow controlled by internal and external anal sphincter
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Accessory Digestive Organs
Liver
- Secretes bile to digest fats
- Stores bile in gallbladder
- Biliary Tree = ducts from liver carry bile produced by liver to gallbladder and duodenum
- Common hepatic duct
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Accessory Digestive Organs
Gallbladder
- Cholecyst
- Stores bile for later use
- Under liver
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Accessory Digestive Organs
Pancrease
- Behind stomach
- Produces pancreatic juices to aid in digestion
- Produces sodium bicarbinate to neutrilize stomach acids and digestive enzymes
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Digestive Enzymes
- Responsible for chemical breakdown of food
- Renin, Lipase, Pepsin
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Metabolism
- All processes of body to use nutrients
- Anabolism = build up of body cells and substances from nutrients
- Catabolism = breakdown of body cells, releasing energy and CO2
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Absorption
- Process of completely digested nutrients transported to cells
- Villi = fingers in small intestine, more surface area PSI, contain blood vessels for absorption
- Lacteals = absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins, transport via lymph system
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Mastication
- Chewing
- Breaks down food into smaller pieces
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Tongue
- 4 Tastes
- Sweet
- Salt
- Sour
- Bitter
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Bolus
Food ready to swallow
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Esophagus
- Moves food by paristalsis
- Wave-like contractions
- 10" long
- Top is protected by epiglottis
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Stomach
- Converts food bolus into Chyme with chemicals
- 3 layers of smooth muscle
- Longitudinal
- Transverse
- Oblique
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Emulsification
Pancreatic juices break down fats
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Large Intestine
- Absorb water from waste
- Form waste into feces
- Expel through rectum / anus
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Borborygmus
- Formation of gas from bacteria in large intestine
- From waste breakdown
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Bariatrics
Specialist to prevent and control obesity / disease
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Cachexia
Phisical wasting away (AIDS)
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Pica
Craving non-food items
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Eructation
Act of belching
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Hematemesis
Vomitting blood
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Ileus
Blockage of small / large intestine
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Ulcerative Colitis
Affects only innermost lining of colon
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Cholelithiasis
- Gallstones
- Over concentrated bile in gallbladder
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Cholecystography
X-ray exam of gallbladder
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Colonoscopy
- Exam of entire colon
- Will be sedated
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Sigmoidoscopy
- Exam from anus to top of decending colon
- Will not be sedated
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Appendicitis
- Right lower quadrant pain
- Fever
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Cirrhosis
- Chronic destructive disease of the liver
- Yellow fatty tissue
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Colorectal Cancer
Most common in Sigmoid Colon
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Diverticulitis
- Bulging pouch in intestine wall
- Pain in left lower quadrant
- Most common in sigmoid colon
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- AKA Spastic Colon
- Alternaiting periods of diarrhea and constipation
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