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Function of Respiratory
- Bring O2 from air to blood for delivery to cells
- Expel waste (CO2 and some H2O) returned to lungs from blood
- Produce airflow through larynx to make speach possible
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Upper Respiratory Track
- Nose
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
- Trachea
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Lower Respiratory Track
- Bronchial Tree
- Lungs
- Protected by Thorasic Cavity (Ribs)
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Nose
Air enters and passes through nasal cavity
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Cilia
- Inside nose (hair)
- Filters out debris
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Mucous Membranes
- Specialized tissue,
- Lines Resp. System
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Musous Membranes
Mucus
- Secretion by membrane
- Protects and lubricates
- Moistens, warms, filters air as it enters
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Olfactory Receptors
- Nerve endings allow to smell
- Important for taste
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Tonsils
Form protective circle of lymphatic tissue around entrance to Resp. System
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Paranasal Cavity
- Para = near, nas = nose, al = pertaining to
- Function = make skull lighter, helps produce sound by resonating voice
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Paranasal Cavity
Four Total
- Frontal Sinus
- Sphenoid Sinus
- Maxillary Sinus
- Ethmoid Sinus
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Pharynx (Throat)
Receives air after nose
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Pharynx (Throat)
Sections (3)
- Nasopharynx = posterior to nasal cavity, only used for transport of air from nose. (1st division)
- Oropharynx = vissible when looking into mouth, shared by resp. and digestive system. (2nd division)
- Laryngopharynx = share air, food, liquids; continue to openings of esophagus and trachea (3rd division)
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Larynx (Voice Box)
- Triangle shaped chamber between pharynx and trachea
- Protected by 9 cartilage rings
- Largest cartilage = Thyroid Cartilage (Adam's Apple)
- Contains vocal cords
- Length determines pitch of voice
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Larynx (Voice Box)
Vocal Cords
- During breathing - cords separate to let air pass
- During speach - cords close and vibrate by air to make sound
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Protective Swallowing
- Soft palate moves up to block food and liquid from entering nose through Nasopharynx (involuntary)
- Epiglottis swings down to close Laryngopharynx to keep food and liquid out of Trachea
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Trachea (Windpipe)
- Directly in front of esophagus
- Role = transport air to/from lungs
- Hold open by series of "C"-shaped cartilage rings (16-20), prevent collapse
- 4 1/2" long
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Bronchi
- At Trachea -
- Divides into 2 branches (primary branchi)
- 1 for each lung
- Refered to as Branchi Tree
- Continue to branch in lungs smaller and smaller into Bronchioles
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Alveoli
- Known as air sacks
- Grape like structures
- End of each Bronchiole branch
- Capillaries surround Alveoli on thin wall surface
- Gas exchange occurs here (External Respiration)
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Lungs
- Organs of respiration
- Divided into Lobes
- Right = 3 Lobes
- Left = 2 Lobes with Cardiac Notch for Heart
- Surfactant = produced by lungs to reduce surface tension and allow air to absorb more easily (holds alveoli open)
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Mediastinum
- Cavity between lungs
- Contains connective tissue and organs
- Heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, and lymph nodes
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Pleura
- Thin, moist, slippery membrane covering outer lungs and lines inner surface of thorasic cavity
- Parietal Pleura - (outer layer) lines thorasic cavity and forms sac contaning each lung
- Visceral Pleura - (inner layer) surrounds each lung
- Pleural Cavity/Space - airtight space between layers, contains thin layer of fluid to allow to slide during breathing
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Diaphram
- Muscle that separates thorasic and abdomen cavities
- Makes breathing possible by negative pressure
- Phrenic Nerve controls diaphram
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Respiration
- Exchange of O2 & CO2 essential to life
- Inhalation - act of taking in air (diaphram moves downward / flattens)
- Exhalation - act of breathing out (diaphram relaxes / domes)
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External Respiration
Bringing air into / out of lungs and exchange gases
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Internal Respiration
Cellular breathing
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Otolaryngologist (ENT)
- Specialized phasician
- Ears, nose, throat
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Pulmonologist
- Specialist
- Lungs and associated tissues
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COPD
- Difficult breathing
- Damage to branchi
- Difficult air in/out
- Smokers
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Chronic Bronchitis
- Airway inflammed / thickened
- Increased mucus producing cells
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Emphysema
- Progressive loss of lung function
- Decrease in number of alveoli
- Enlargement of remaining alveoli
- Progressive distruction of walls of remaining alveoli
- Enlarged barrel chest
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Asthma
- Chronic allergic disorder
- Wheezing by partially obstructed airway
- Controller meds = corticosteroids (daily prevention)
- Quick relief / Resue meds - bronchodilator (1st sign attack)
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Upper Respiratory Infection
Acute Nasopharyngitis = common cold
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Allergic Rhinitis
- Alergy
- Reaction to airborne allergens
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Croup
- Acute respiratory syndrome in kids
- Obstruction of larynx, hoarse, bark cough
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Diphtheria
- Bacteria infection throat and upper respiratory
- Toxins can damage heart
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Peertussis
Whooping Cough
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Sinusitis
Inflammation of sinus
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Laryngoplegia
Paralysis of larynx
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Aphonia
A = without, phon = voice/sound, ia = abnormal condition
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Pneumothorax
- Accumulation of air in the pleural space
- Prevents lung from expanding
- (Collapsed Lung)
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Pleural Effusion
- Fluid in pleural space
- Prevents lung from expanding
- (Collapsed Lung)
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Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Walking Pneumonia
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Anthracosis
Coal miners / Black lung disease
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Byssinosis
Brown lung disease (cotton dust)
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Hypercapnia
Buildup of CO2
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Hypoxemia
Low O2 in blood
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Hypoxia
Low O2 in body tissue / cells
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Bronchoscopy
- Visual exam of bronchi with scope
- Can be used to repair tissue
- Can remove foreign objects
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Peak Flow Meter
- Asthma test
- How fast expel air
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Polysomnography
Sleep Apnea Study
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Thoracentesis
- Surgical procedure of chest
- Needle inserted into chest to drain fluid from lung
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Thoracotomy
Remove lung damaged by cancer
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Ambient Air
- 21% O2
- Exhaled air = 16% O2
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Terminology
- Dys = bad, phon = voice, ia = abnormal condition
- Atel = incomplete, ectasis = stretching (collapse lung)
- Pneum/o = lung, rrhagia = bleeding
- Pneum/o = lung, coni = dust, osis = abnormal condition
- Spir/o = breath, meter = measure
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Pleurisy / Pleuritis
- Inflammation of pleura
- Sharp chest pain with breathing
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Pleurodynia
Painful breathing
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Changes to Normal Breathing
- Coughing - forceful exhalation
- Hiccoughs - spasm of diaphram
- Sneezing
- Yawning
- Crying / Laughing
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Bronchitis
Yellow / Green sputum
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Pneumoconiosis
- Lung disease
- Years exposure to environment (asbestos)
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Pneumonia
- Most common death in weakened patients
- Nosocomial infection in hospital
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