-
When does neurulation begins
22 days after conception
-
The cranial end of the neural tube closes when
Day 25
-
The caudal end of the neural tube closes when
Day 27-28
-
Sonic hedge hog genes control what development
The basal/ventral end of neurulation
-
BMP and PAX are genes that control what
Dorsal/Alar neurulation
-
The Alar end of the neural tube develops into what type of nerves
Sensory
-
The Basal end of the neural tube develops into what type of nerves
Motor
-
The neural tube is composed of what type of cells
Pseudo stratified epithelium
-
All cell divisions in the spinal cord happen where
The luminal surface (inside of tube)
-
Grey matter is made up of what cells
- Interneurons
- Motorneurons
- Blood vessels
- Glial cells (supporting cells)
-
What type of neuron connections allow for more control of function
Polysynaptic, the motor interneurons between incoming sensory and outgoing motor, the more control one has on their actions
-
What is the difference in the growth of neurons attaching to the Basal and Alar plates
- Motor neurons are an outgrowth from the Basal plate
- Sensory nerves form an ingrowth to the Alar plate from the dorsal root ganglion
-
What is the difference in the myelin sheath in the PNS and CNS
- In the PNS they are formed by Schwann cells only
- In the CNS they are formed by Oligodendroglia only
-
Alar plate forms sensory interneurons when triggered by
TGFb family of growth factors
-
Monosynaptic reflexes
- No interneurons, single chemical synapse
- A reflex arc consisting of only two neurons, one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron
- Has a short duration
-
Polysynaptic reflex
One or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the spinal cord
-
All of the tendon reflexes are polysynaptic accept which
-
Meninges arise from what embryonic origin
Mesoderm surrounding neural tube
-
An epidural hematoma is most often caused by a tear of
Middle meningeal artery
-
The dura and arachnoid have close relationship that can be altered how
Ruptured blood vessel between them causing a subdural hematoma (slow bleed)
-
What is the difference between a meningocele and a meningomyelocele
- Meningocele is when the cyst on the exterior is simply filled with spinal fluid.
- Meningomyelocele is when the spinal cord accompanies the CSF in the cyst
-
Rachischisis
The most severe form of spina bifida where the neural tube fails fold and close remaining open to the external environment
-
Procephalon/Forebrain are primary vesicles that make up what secondary vesicles
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
-
Midbrain is a primary vesicle that makes up what secondary vesicles
Mesencephalon
-
Rhombencephalon/Hindbrain are primary vesicles that make up what secondary vesicles
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
-
The olfactory bulbs come from what vesicle
Telencephalon
-
The Optic cups come from what vesicle
Diencephalon
-
What do all of the sensory nerves have to pass through before reaching the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
-
What is the role of the hypothalamus
It performs the primitive functions such as, Visceral (autonomic) nervous system, heart rate, increased blood flow, standing hair on end, peristalsis, motivation for food, drink, and sex.
-
Basal ganglia is found where with what function
Basal telencephalon and is involved in initiating voluntary movement involved in fear and emotion
-
When does the development of the visual system begin
Day 22 with the formation of the optic sulcus
-
The optic vesicle consists of what tissue
Neuroectoderm
-
Optic vesicles arise from what
It grows out of the Diencephalon (evagination)
-
The optic cup and optic stalk arise from what
Optic vesicle invaginating to forming a double layered optic cup and optic stalk
-
What does the optic stalk eventually differentiate into by the ingrowth of axons from the ganglion layer
- Optic Nerve
- Optic Chiasm
- Optic Tract
-
What are the derivatives of the optic cup (neuroectoderm)
-
What separates the inner layer of the optic cup from the outer layer
Intraretinal space
-
What does the inner layer of the optic cup give rise to
Neural retina containing rods, cones, bipolar and ganglion cells
-
What does the intraretinal space make adults
It is obliterated in adults but remains a weakened area prone to retinal detachment
-
The epithelium of the iris develops from what
Both layers of the optic cup
-
What is the stroma of the eye and what does it develop from
It is the framework of the eye and develops from mesoderm continuous with the choroid
-
The epithelium of the ciliary body of the eye develops from
Both layers of the optic cup
-
What does the suspensory fibers of the lens develop from
Ciliary muscle and ciliary processes
-
Ciliary processes produce what found in the chamber of the eye
Aqueous humor found between the lens and the cornea
-
What does the hyaloid artery of the eye eventually form
The central artery and vein of the retina
-
The choroid fissure closes when
Week 7
-
The optic nerve, a tract of the diencephalon, has what interesting characteristics
- Not completely myelinated until 3 months following birth
- Not capable of regeneration
- Surrounded by subarachnoid space
-
How can an increase in the amount of CSF affect vision
It puts pressure on the optic nerve causing edema of the optic disk (papilledema)
-
What portion of the eye is derived from ectoderm
Cornea, lens, retina, the rest from mesoderm
-
What is the substance found between the retina and lens
Vitreous body (gelatinous substance)
-
Coloboma is when
There is a failure of the choroid fissure to close in the eye producing a dark notch within the iris (droplet looking eye)
-
Catarects is when
The lens is opaque, this can be inherited or caused by maternal rubella or exposure to radiation during pregnancy
-
Congenital Glaucoma
Abnormal development of the drainage of aqueous humor, may be caused by rubella or inherited recessive gene
-
Microphthalmos
- Underdeveloped eye usually accompanies other craniofacial abnormalitites.
- Can be caused by Cytomegalvirus or Toxoplasmosis
-
Cryptophthalmos
Absence of eyelid
-
Anophthalmos
Absence of entire eye, rare
-
What are the adult derivatives of the optic vesicle, a secondary vesicle of the forebrain
-
What is the adult derivative of the thalamus (diencephalon)
- Dorsal thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Third ventricle
-
What are the derivatives of the Telencephalon
- Olfactory bulb
- Cerebral cortex
- Basal Telencephalon
- Corpus callosum
- Cortical white matter
- Internal capsule
-
The Tectum is found where and differentiates into what structures
Midbrain, and develops into the superior and inferior Colliculus
-
Tagentum is found where and contains what
Midbrain, it is the most colorful area of the brain and contains the substantia nigra and the red nucleus (both are involved in voluntary movement)
-
A malformation of the substantia nigra can result in what
Parkinsons disease
-
Damage to the cochlear nuclei will result in
Deafness
-
What are the adult derivatives of the midbrain
- Tectum
- Tegmentum
- Cerebral aquaduct
-
What are the adult derivatives of the Hindbrain
- Cerebellum
- Pons
- Fourth ventricle
- Medulla
-
The external ear is derived from what
1st pharyngeal groove
-
The auricle (ear lobe) develops from six mesenchymal projections composed primarily of what cells
Neural crest cells called auricular hillocks
-
The tympanic cavity (middle ear) is derived from
1st pharyngeal pouch
-
The malleus, incus, and stapes are derived from what
- Malleus and incus 1st pharyngeal arch
- Stapes 2nd
-
The tensor tympani, the muscle attached to the malleus arises from, and is innervated by what
First pharyngeal arch, innervated by cranial nerve V1
-
The stapes is controlled by what muscle and innervation
Stapedius muscle arising from the 2nd arch, innervated by the 7th cranial nerve
-
The tympanic plexus in the ear is formed by what nerve
9th cranial nerve (Glossopharyngeal)
-
The membranous labyrinth contains
All the structures derived from the Otic vesicle
-
The inner ear develops from what
Ectodermal depressions on the lateral surface of the Rhombencephalon/Hindbrain called optic placodes at day 22
-
What is the difference between communicating and non communicating hydrocephalus
- Communicating is when the arachnoid granulations aren't functioning properly and therefore CSF isn't leaving through the venous sinuses
- Non communicating is an obstruction between ventricles
-
When do the posterior and anterior fontanelles on a baby close
- Posterior 3-6 months
- Anterior 18 months
-
The choroid fissure closes, optic nerve, and inner ear are all formed at what week
8th
-
Myelination of the peripheral nerves begins at what week
16 (4th month)
|
|