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Environment has 2 interacting components
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Different levels of studying
- organismal
- population
- comunity
- ecosystem
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Biomes
major groups of animal and plant life
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GLoal distribution of biomes depends on
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Productivity of a biome
how much biomass (growth) and environment can support
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adibatic cooling
- as air rises, it expands and cools
- cool air holds more water
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Rain shadow
- due to adibactic cooling
- vapor condesnses as it cools
- mountains cause clouds to release moisture
- leeward side is a desert
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HAdley cell
- warm air rises and cools, cool air is pushed towards pole
- cells occur every 30 degrees
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regional effects
modify global climate patterns
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Helps stabalize temperature
water
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water: properties
takes a lot of energy to increase water temp.
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Biogeography
geographicc distribution of organisms
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Species range is limited by
- physical conditions (abiotic)- land and ice
- Biotic factors- fly and cattle in africa
- Dispersal history- cannot travel to other locations
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population
group of the same species in the same place at the same time
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Factors that affect population size
- Births
- immegration
- emmigration
- death
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Factors that increase population
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factors that decrease population
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Fecundity
# of children born per adult
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Probability of reproducing
- how many children can one have
- Count female adults only
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Types of survivorship
- Type I- high survivorship when young, low surviriorship when old
- TypeII- steady surviviorship
- Type III-low survivorship when young, high surviriorship when old
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Which type of survivorship is unlikely
Type II
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Exponantial grwoth equation
ΔN/Δt=Nr
- N= population
- t=time
- r= per capita birth rate
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Exponential gowth occurs under (equation component)
constand r
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density dependant growth
- r depends on population size
- carying capacity
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carrying capacity
maximun population an environment can support
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Logistical growth equation
ΔN/Δt=rN{(K-N)/K}
- K-N= proportion of habitat remaining
- K= carying capacity
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Density dependant factors
- food supply
- water
- shelter
- nutrients
- access to sun
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Density independant factors
- Drought
- Fire
- Flood
- Temperature
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Metapopulations
populations that fluctuate in space
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Metapopulation dynamics
important for conservation
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Age structure
- young gap with high light levels
- older gap with low light levels
- projection for future dynamics
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