Anatomy Test 3

The heart

Endothelial cells overlap to form one-way minivalves and are anchored by collagen filaments, preventing collapse of capillaries

Bones, Teeth, Bone Marrow, CNS

• •Collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
• •Deep vessels travel with arteries
• •Nutrients are supplied from branching vasa vasorum

right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body

venous circulation at thejunction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of the body

• Pulsations of nearby arteries
• Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs

solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells

• Principal lymphoid organs of the body
• Embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessels
• Near the body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body

• 1.Filter lymph—macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris
• 2.Immune system—lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack against antigens

extend inward from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells

macrophages

• •Enters via afferent lymphatic vessels
• •Travels through large subcapsular sinus and smaller sinuses
• •Exits the node at the hilus via efferent vessels

• Spleen
• Served by splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the hilus.

• •Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
• •Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris

• •Two distinct areas
• •White pulp around central arteries
• •Mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions
• •Red pulp in venous sinuses and splenic cords
• Rich in macrophages for disposal
• of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens

• •In infants, it is found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum, where it partially overlies the heart
• •Increases in size and is most active during childhood
• •Stops growing during adolescence and then gradually atrophies

Tonsils

at posterior end of the oral cavity

grouped at the base of the tongue

in posterior wallof the nasopharynx

surrounding the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter

• Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
• •Generate “memory” lymphocytes

• •Clusters of lymphoid follicles
• •In the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
• •Similar structures are also found in the appendix

• Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix (digestive tract)
• Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)
• Protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter

• 5th
• These arise from the budding of lymph sacs from developing veins

mesoderm

pharynx

lymphoid Except for the spleen and tonsils,

Nonspecific

Specific Defense

• First line of defense is external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
• Second line of defense is antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells. Inflammation is its most important mechanism

• Attacks particular foreign substances.
• Takes longer to react.

weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

• •Skin acidity
• •Lipids in sebum and dermcidin in sweat
• •HCl and protein-digesting enzymes of stomach mucosae
• •Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid
• •Mucus

• Mucous
• Cilia

Monocytes to become the chief phagocytic cells.

Liver

Brain

through tissue spaces

Neutrophils

coating of pathogen by complement proteins or antibodies

• Large granular lymphocytes
• Target cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors
• Induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells
• Secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response

• Triggered whenever body tissues are injured or infected
• Prevents the spread of damaging agents
• Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
• Sets the stage for repair

• Histamine (from mast cells)
• Blood proteins
• Kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes, and complement

• Attack microorganisms directly
• Hinder microorganisms’ ability to reproduce
• also activate macrophages and mobilize NKs

gamma (g)

Alpha

Beta

• ~20 blood proteins that circulate in an inactive form
• Include C1–C9, factors B, D, and P, and regulatory proteins
• Major mechanism for destroying foreign substances
• Amplifies all aspects of the inflammatory response

• C1 binds to the
• antigen-antibody complexes

Triggered when activated C3, B, D, and P interact on the surface of microorganisms

• Causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)
• Increases metabolic rate, which speeds up repair

antibody mediated