intro path

• The study of disease
• The study of the functional and morphological changes of cell, tissues, orgains, fluids of the body during disease

• Provide for an early diagnosis of dzs
• Allows us to prevent disease
• We can improve on treatments we already have
• Reduce the spread of disease

• Sound medicine is based on a thorough understanding of pathology
• Without pathology, we wouldn't have an understanding of medicine

• Anatomy
• Histology
• Biochemistry
• Physiology

Feeling that can be described by the patient; Can't happen with animals

Observable, quantifiable result of the disease

• The problem, whatever it may be
• Can be functional and/or morphological
• W/e it is, it's an abnormality

• The "how" of the lesion
• How the process started

The cause of the lesion

• Can be morphological, definitive, and/or etiological
• Hopefully is definitive

• An interpretation of the probable consequences of the disease
• Dependant on many variables; age, sex, strain, current state, etc.

• Disease cause: etiology and lesion
• Pathogenesis: process that led to the lesion
• Morphological change: what can we observe/see that has changed
• Functional consequences: What we observed clinically

• Adapt/Adjust/Change/Grow to handle the stress
• Suffer Reversible Injury and then adapt
• Suffer Irreversible Injury and Die

Increase in cell mass

Decrease in cell mass

• Oxygen deprivation
• Physical Agents
• Chemical Agents
• Infectious Agents
• Immunologic Reactions
• Genetic Derangements
• Nutritional/Environmental Imbalances

Ischemia (loss of blood supply), inadequate blood oxygenation (caused by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), any loss of oxygen carrying in the blood

Heat, cold, trauma (falling), radiation, electrical shock, etc.

Alcohol, drugs, mercury, lead, etc.

Viruses, fungus, parasites, etc.

• Responses to infections where our body causes injury to itself (autoimmune dzs)
• Allergic reactions

• Gene mutations
• Big cause is radiation

Vitamin deficiency, mineral deficiency, etc.

• Affects cats
• Cats can't take ace; they will lose hemoglobin, so the blood will lose oxygen

Used to be one of the ways to treat heart disease

Plant toxic to animals

Antifreeze; dogs love the taste and smell of antifreeze

• Always use the recommended amount
• Any more than that will kill the animal

They are everywhere; all animals get into poisonous plants at some point

• Dogs are attracted to them because they use the smell of peanut butter
• Doesn't normally attract cats

• Too much salt is toxic to animals
• Too much salt in meat that we feed dogs

• Wild plant
• Most commonly affects larger animals like horses and cows because they grow in big fields/pastures

Via skin, GI tract, inhaled thru lungs, eyes, bites, uterus, mammary glands (for animals)

The actual toxic agent

Poisons produced by a biological source such as snake venom and Anthrax

• Amount of toxicant needed to produce a detrimental effect
• Not the same as poison

Likelihood of poisoning under the conditions of use

Ability of organism to show less of a response to a specific dose of toxin than it showed in a previous response

• Lethal dose of which 50% of the animals die
• How much can we give until it kills the animal

• Phase 1: Oxidation reduction and Hydrolysis
• Phase 2: Conjugation and Synthesis

• Exposure factors
• Biologic factors
• Chemical

• Duration and frequency, how often, the dose, the route
• Environmental things as well; temperature, pressure, humidity, climate, heat, etc.

Species, age, gender, weight, metabolism, nutritional state

Determines solubility and therefore affects absorption