intro sterilization

• Clean
• Sanitize
• Disinfect
• Sterilize

• Clean Daily
• Sanitize and/or disinfect on a regular schedule
• Species differences

• Some animals are dirtier than others
• New animals have to be isolated from the rest

Can be weekly, monthly based on need, conditions

• Labs, teaching
• Level and protocol will depend on requirements for research
• Types of species housed

Takes 3/4 of an inch for a mouse to get in; their bones are flexible

• Cockroaches
• Mosquitoes; mainly a problem for zoos and outdoor facilities

• Toxoplasmosis is main problem, especially for pregnant women
• Also very harmful to other animals

Cats defecate and shed the organisms in their feces; mainly thrive in gardens

• Mainly a problem for zoos because they are outside
• Since no one is there at night, you would never know if an animal had been bitten and given rabies until it was too late

• Very species specific
• Warbles: only common in rabbits

• Strongest bug out there
• To truly get rid of them, an exterminator needs to come out 2-3 times. They only hide until they're ready to feed off of an animal again

Means to kill the organism

• Stops growth
• Not killing the organism, just keeping it from growing/getting any larger

• Broad spectrum: kills many things
• Rapid killing
• Non-toxic and non-irritating
• Don't stain
• Mixes well with water

Kill or inactivate all live organisms

• Gas
• Chemical
• Radiation
• Heat
• Filtration

• Most common
• Combo. of heat and pressure crushes cells and kills the spores
• Autoclaved
• Can use on most materials, including liquids
• 121C and 22 psi for 30 minutes

Temps. must be higher to achieve same effects as wet heat autoclave

• Classic method
• Heat to 100C for 15 mins. 1x daily for 3 consecutive days (after the third cycle, it will finally have killed all the cells and spores
• The original problem was that it killed all the cells but not the spores, so they kept growing

• Expensive; for materials that are heat labile
• Types: Ethylene Oxide, Formaldehyde, Ozone

• Vapor
• Most common
• Only good for 24 hours after you mix it. After the 24 hours, it can be used as a good disinfectant for 7 days

• Gas
• Rarely used; it's very toxic

• Works well for liquids and surfaces
• Can pump O3 into liquids to kill microbes

• Doesn't go very deep down
• Types: UV, IR, Ultrasonic

• Ionizing and non-ionizing
• Poor penetration for solids, low for liquids
• Kills surface bacteria and viruses
• Takes time

15 mins at 180C

Sound waves disrupt cell membranes in water bath

• For liquid and air
• Removes bacteria and virus particles
• Below 0.2 microns is sterile filtered
• Glass beads

• Usually disinfectants
• Require PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

• Safety glasses, goggles, splash shields
• Gloves
• Gowns, splash aprons
• Respirators
• SCBA

• Very water soluble
• Good for fruits, grains, and vegetables
• A little bit stronger than vinegar

Kills all bacteria but will eat at your skin

• Ether is most common
• Kills a lot of bacteria; 70-90%
• Kills some viruses and spores, but not all

• Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
• Not good for negative bacteria or spores
• Widely used in private practice vet. hospitals
• Roccal-P is most common

• Bleach is most common; all you need is household bleach and dilute it 1-10 and it will kill any virus you can think of, including HIV and ebola
• Doesn't have the same effect on fungus or spores

• Kills gram positive bacteria and some virus and fungi
• 2 problems: Unstable in light and will stain your clothes/the floor. Can wrap in tin foil to keep light out

Process in which sterlization is carried out at low temps. with the help of chemicals, radiations, membranes