Business Law.txt

The resolution of disputes in ways other than those involved in the traditional judicial process. Negotiation, mediation, and arbitration are forms of ADR.

The major organization offering arbitration services in the US

The settling of a dispute by submitting it to a disinterested third party (other than a court), who renders a decision. The decision may or may not be legally binding.

A clause in a contract that provides that, in the event of a dispute the parties will submit the dispute to arbitration rather than litigate the dispute in court.

In the context of litigation, the amount of money awarded to a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit as damages. In the context of arbitration, the arbitrator's decision

A federal court of limited jurisdiction that handles only bankruptcy proceedings. Bankruptcy proceedings are governed by federal bankruptcy law.

Jurisdiction that exists when two different courts have the power to hear a case. For example, some cases can be heard in either a federal or state court.

Under Article III, Section 2, of the constitution, a basis for federal court jurisdiction over a lawsuit between (1) citizens of different states, (2) a foreign country and citizens of a state or of different states, or (3) citizens of a state and citizens or subjects of a foreign country. The amount in controversy must bemore thank $75,000 before a federal court can take jurisdiction in such cases

A form of alternative dispute resolution in which a neutral third party evaluates the strengths and weakness of the disputing parties' positions; the evaluator's opinion forms the basis for negotiating a settlement

Jurisdiction that exists when a case can be heard only in a particular court or type of court, such as a federal court or a state court.

A question that pertains to the US Constitution, acts of Congress, or treaties. A federal question provides basis for federal jurisidiction

Court jurisdiction over the "person" involved in a legal action; personal jurisdiction.

Court jurisdiction over a defendant's property.

The process by which courts decide on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and actions of the exectuive branch.

The authority of a court to hear and decide a specific action.

A controversy that is not hypothetical or academic but real and substantial; a requirement that must be satisfied before a court will hear a case.

The process of resolving a dispute through the court system.

A state statue that permits a state to obtain personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants. A defendant must have "minimum contacts" with that state for the statute to apply

A method of settling disputes outside of court by using the services of a neutral third party, called a mediator. The mediator acts as a communicating agent between the parties and suggests ways in which the parties can resolve their dispute.

A private proceeding in which each party to a dispute argues its position before the other side and vice versa. A neutral third party may be present and act as an advisor if the parties fail to reach an agreement.

(1) In regard to dispute settlement, a process in which parties attempt to settle their dispute without going to court, with or without attorneys to represent them. (2) In regard to instruments, the transfer of an instrument in such a way that the transferee (the person to whom the instrument is transferred) becomes a holder.

The resolution of disputes with the assistance of organizations that offer dispute-resolution services via the internet

A state court of limited jurisdiction that conducts proceedings relating to the settlement of a deceased person's estate.

In a lawsuit, an issue involving a factual dispute that can only be decided bya judge (or, in a jury trial, a jury).

In a lawsuit, an issue involving the application or interpretation of a law; therefore, the judge and not the jury, decides the issue.

A rule of the United States Supreme Court under which the Court will not issue a writ of certiorari unless at least four justices approve of the decision to issue the writ

Special courts in which parties may litigate small claims (usually claims involving $2,500 or less). Attorneys are not required in small claims courts, and in many states attorneys are not allowed to represent the parties.

The requirement that an individual must have a sufficient stake in the controversy before he or she can bring a lawsuit. The plaintiff must demonstrate that he or she either had been injured or threatened with injury.

A method of settling disputes in which a trial is held, but the jury's verdict is not binding. The verdict acts only as a guide to both sides in reaching an agreement during the mandatory negotiations that immediately follow the summary jury trial.

The geographical district in which an action is tried and from which the jury is selected.

A writ from a higher court asking the lower court for the record of a case.