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What are the functions of the human skeleton?
- It keeps our shape
- It supports our weight
- It protects vital organs such as the brain, lungs, spinal chord, and heart
- It provides a framework for the attatchment of muscles
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Are bones alive or dead?
Alive
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What happens when you place a bone in acid?
It becomes flexible
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What happens when you heat up a bone?
It becomes brittle (as the living/organic matter has been removed)
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What are bones made up of?
- Living cells
- Calcium phosphate - the hard part
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What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
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Name the two different types of joints
- Hinge joint
- Ball and Socket joint
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Give an example of a hinge joint
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Give an example of a Ball and Socket joint
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How many planes does a hinge joint allow movement in?
One
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How many planes does a ball and socket joint allow movement in?
Three
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Ligaments attach _____ to bone?
bone
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Tendons attach _____ to bone?
muscle
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The ends of bones that meet at joints are covered in...?
cartilage
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What does cartilage do?
It reduces friction between bones and acts as a shock absorber
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Synovial joints contain....?
synovial membrane and sac
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Muscles act in ________ pairs?
antagonistic
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What is energy measured in?
Kilojoules (kJ)
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What does the amount of energy we need depend on?
Gender, age, size and occupation
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What is the respitory system made up of?
- Nose
- Mouth
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Bronchi
- Alveoli
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What beings about inspiration and expiration?
- Ribs
- Intercostal muscles
- Diaphram
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What state are the Rib cage, Intercostal muscles and Diaphram in during inspiration?
- Rib cage is up and out
- Intercostal muscles contact
- Diaphram contract
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What state are the Rib cage, Intercostal muscles and Diaphram in during expiration?
- Rib cage is down and in
- Intercostal muscles relax
- Diaphram relax
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In breathing oxygen is....?
absorbed
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In breathing carbon dioxide is...?
released
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Where does gas exchange occur?
In the alveoli
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Why are the trachea and bronchi held permenantly open by incomplete rings of cartilage?
To stop them from collapsing and closing, which will lead to suffocation
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Alveoli have a _______ surface area and are ______ and _______ walled?
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What are the tiny hairs that line the trachea and bronchi called?
cilia
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What do the cilia do?
Rythmic beating of the cilia sweeps mucus containing dust and germs upwards to the larynx where it passes into the oesophagus
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Blood arriving in the lungs is said to be....?
deoxygenated
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Blood leaving the lungs is said to be....?
oxygenated
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Name the four chambers of the heart
- Right Atrium
- Left Atrium
- Right Ventricle Left Ventricle
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What does the right side of the heart do?
It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
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What does the left side of the heart do?
It pumps oxygenated blood all over the body
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Why does the left side of the heart have a thicker muscular wall?
As it has to pump blood all around the body
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What is the function of valves
They control the direction of bloodflow
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Describe an artery
- Carries blood away from the heart
- Thick muscular wall
- Able to withstand high pressure
- Carries oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery)
- No valves present
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Describe a vein
- Carries blood back to the heart
- Thinner muscular wall
- Able to withstand low pressure
- Carries deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)
- Vavles present
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What is the function of the coronary artery?
It supplies the muscular wall of the heart with oxygenated blood
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What is the main artery leaving the heart called?
The aorta
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What are the components of blood?
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
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What is plasma?
- The liquid part of the blood
- It carries carbon dioxide, food, waste substances (like urea) and hormones around the body
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What are white blood cells?
- Cells that fight infection
- Some produce anti-bodies
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What are red blood cells?
- They are cells with a biconcave shape (which offers maximum surface area for oxygen uptake) and no nucleus.
- They contain haemoglobin
- They are made in your boen marrow
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What is the function of haemoglobin?
In the presence of a high concentration of oxygen, haemoglobin readily combine with the oxygen to form oxy-haemoglobin. When the surrounding concentration of oxygen is low, oxy-haemoglobin readily releases the oxygen again
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What are the main parts of the eye and their functions?
- Cornea - allows light to enter the eye
- pupil - allows light to eneter the eye
- iris - alters diameter of pupil and controls amount of light enetering the eye
- lens - focuses light onto the retina
- retina - light is converted to nerve impulses
- optic nerve - carries nerve impulses from retina to brain
- fovea - point of most accurate vision
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The brain uses images from both eyes to give us a 3D picture, this is called...?
binocular vision
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What are the main parts of the ear and their functions?
- auditory canal - directs sound waves on to eardrum
- eardrum - is set vibrating by soudn waves which it passes on to the middle ear bones
- middle ear bones (hammer, stirrup and anvil) - amplify and transmit sound vibrations from eardrum to oval window
- oval window - transmits sound vibrations into liquid filled inner ear
- cochlea - stimuated 'hairs' convert soun vibrations in the liquid to nerve impulses
- auditory nerve - carries nerve impulses from cochlea to brain
- semi-circular canals - messages sent to part of brain which controls muscular activity essential for balance
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The semi-circular canals help us keep our...?
balance
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What is the central nervous system made up of?
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The body has receptors and effectors which respond to....?
stimuli
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Messages are sent through the nervous system as....?
impulses
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What is the flow of information through the nervous system?
- Sensory neurones recieve messages
- Relay neurones then connect these to motor neurones
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What is a reflex action and what do they do?
- A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus
- They protect the body
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What are the main parts of the brain and their functions?
- cerebrum - largest part of the brain, each region has a specific function
- cerebellum - controls balance and muscular co-ordination
- medulla - controls the rate of breathing and heart beat
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What causes muscle fatigue?
A lack of oxygen in the muscle cells and the build up of lactic acid
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose ------> lactic acid + a little energy
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What is 'oxygen debt'?
The time it takes for oxygen, which was used to remove excess lactic acid, to be replaced
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