genetics ch. 12,14,16

In a cell, the loss of normal function in one allele of a gene wher the other allele is already inactivated by a mutation

a cellular molecular pathway by which an external signal is converted into a functional response

genes encoding proteins that suppress cell division

Genes that initiate or maintain cell division and that may become cancer genes (oncogenes) by mutation

Genes that induce or continue uncontrolled cell proliferation

A malignant tumor of the eye arising in retinoblasts (embryonic retinal cells that disappear at about 2 years of age). Because mature retinal cells do not transform into tumors, this is a tumor that usually occurs only in children

An autosomal dominant trait resulting in the development of polyps and benign growths in the colon. Polyps often develop into malignant growths and cause cancer of the colon and/or rectum

an autosomal dominant trait associated with genomic instability of microsatellite DNA sequences and a form of colon cancer

An abnormal chromosome produced by translocation of parts of the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22

the use of recombinant DNA technology to produce commercial goods and services

Treatment of a genetic disorder by providing a missing enzyme encoded by the mutant allele responsible for the disorder

Cells in the inner cell mass of early embryos that will form all the cells, tissues, and organs of the adult. Because of their ability to form so many different cell types, these cells are called pluripotent cells

the ability of a a stem cell to form any fetal or adult cell type

Stem cells recovered from bone marrow and other organs of adults. These cells can differentiate to a form a limited number of adult cells, and are called multipotent cells

the restricted ability of a stem cell to form only one or a few diferent cell types

Adult cells that can be reprogrammed (induced) by gene transfer to form cells with most of the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells. Because of this developmental potential, such cells are called pluripotent

A general term used to refer to transgenic plants or animals created by recombinant DNA techniques

Refers to the transfer of genes between species by recombinant DNA technology; transgenic organisms have received such a gene

Nucleotide sequences 14 to 100 base pairs long, organized into clusters of varying lengths, on many different chromosomes; used in the construction of DNA fingerprints

Detection of variatiosn in minisatellites used to identify individuals

Short nucleotide sequences 2 to 9 bae pairs long found througout the genome that are organized into clusters of varuing lengths; used in the construction of DNA profiles

The pattern of STR allele frequencies used to identify individuals

The collection of techniques used to help infertile couples have children

A treatment to overcome defects in sperm count or motility; an egg is fertilized by microinjection of a single sperm

An ART procedure in which gametes are collected and placed into a woman's oviduct for fertilization

An ART procedure in which gametes are collected, fertilization takes place in vitro and theresulting zygote (fertilized egg) is transferred to a woman's oviduct

A procedure in which gametes are collected and fertilized in a dish in the laboratory; the resulting zygote is implanted in the uterus for development

Removal and genetic analysis of a single cell from a 3- to 5- day old embryo. Used to select embryos free of genetic disorders for implantation adn development

Gene transfer to somatic target cells o correct a genetic disorder

Gene therapy to gametes or the cells that produce them. Transfers a gene to all cells in the next generation, including germ cells

Gene transfers to enhance traits such as intelligence and athletic ability rather than to treat a genetic disorder

A process of communication that deals with the occurrence or risk of a genetic disorder in a family.