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Aber
- ☺occurs in exclamations☺expresses surprise
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Also
- ☺occurs in statements, questions, and exclamations
- ☺usually means 'so'
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Denn
- ☺occurs in questions☺'softens' questions; creates camaraderie/friendliness
- ☺expresses surprise or impatience
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Doch
- ☺occurs in statements, exclamations, commands☺addes emphasis; expresses indignation, surprise, or contradiction☺reminds hearer of what the speaker thinks the hearer knows
- ☺used in rhetorical questions
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Eben
- ☺occurs in statements and commands
- ☺marks something as evident, final, or unchangeable☺indicates resigned acceptance of a fact
- ☺action commanded by speaker is only possible outcome
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Halt
- ☺occurs in statements and commands☺marks something as evident, final, or unchangeable
- ☺indicates resigned acceptance of a fact
- ☺action commanded by speaker is only possible outcome
- ☺a bit softer than eban; occurs in Southern Germany
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Ja
- ☺occurs in statements, commands, and exclamations
- ☺marks assumption that speaker and hearer share common knowledge, and appeals to hearer for agreement
- ☺expresses amazement or surprise
- ☺strengthens a command => more urgent
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Mal
- ☺occurs in statements, questions, suggestions, and commands
- ☺adds casual feeling or friendliness/camaraderie
- ☺softens requests or commands => less urgent or forceful
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Schon
- ☺occurs in statements and commands
- ☺expresses reassurance, hope, or consolation about the future
- ☺indicates statement is true, but there is something more to consider
- ☺expresses impatience or urgency in commands
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Überhaupt
- ☺occurs in statements, commands, and questions
- ☺usually translated as 'in general', 'ever', 'at all'
- ☺indicates statement is true and doesn't just apply this one time
- ☺used to question a basic assumption
- ☺used to question hearer very directly
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