Zoo test two

Little man (in the sperm cell.)

Changes that occur during an organism's life can be passed on to the offspring.

was proposed for the mechanism for inheritance of acquired characters. Small particles come together from cells throughout the body to form gametes. There was a blending of particles.

was a major proponent of the inheritance of acquired characters. Darwin also reluctantly accepted this.

began experimental tests to test inheritance of acquired characters. He cut off the tails of rats to see if the tails of the offspring were smaller in time. He found that the tails were always close to the same length.

was a monk. He had an influential physics teacher. Crossed pea plants to see single traits about these plants. (ex. flower color, position, seed color, seed shape, pod shape, pod color, hieght.) He hybridized the plants to cross true breeding varieties. He started with a P generation to start and the next generation was called the F1 generation.

come from meiosis. Random assortment and crossing over.

Mendel said different forms of genes (alleles) are responsible for variation in inherited traits.

can be measured or seen.

are the genetic make up of the alleles.

predict the ratio of the genotype and phenotype of the offspring.

1:2:1 GG:Gg:gg

3:1 Green to yellow

Allele pairs segregate independently from each other.

linked genes on chromosomes because they are together on the same chromosomes.

decided by scientist to have a study in unison to gather results about their genetics. Reproduce quickly and easy to maintain. (Fruit fly.)

has several models: Conservative model( Photocopy model), Dispersive Model, Semiconservative model. Semiconservative model is the accepted model.

C5' is facing opposite ways on the different sides of the DNA molecule.

DNA helicase, Primase, DNA polymerase(makes a mistake in proof reading about 1/100,000 but is corrected often 1/1,000,000,000 is not corrected.) DNA ligase.

allows a person to take a small amount of DNA and make copies of it very rapidly for testing and research. Invented by Kary Mullis. Uses dNTPs ( Nucleotides), DNA polymerase, Template DNA, Water, Mg, and primers.

change in the number of chromosomes.

a way to view the chromosomes of an organism.

Addition of complere sets of chromosomes. Common in plants. Can be artificially induced.

addition or subtraction of one chromosome. Results for non-disjunction. Results in Monosomy( one chromosome) Trisomy (three chromosome).

loss of a portion of a chromosome.

gain of a portion of a chromosome.

a portion of a chromosome is moved to a new location.(non-homologous.) Can cause a loss of control of a gene in the translocated portion.

oncogenes

Changes a single base pair. Common but usually repaired by DNA polymerase.

deleterious

causes an amino acid substitution.

Changes a codon for an amino acid to a stop codon.

adds or deletes a base(insertions or deletions) this changes the reading frame.

All of the changes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to the diversity that characterizes it today.

A change in the allele frequency in a population.

was not a "stamp collector" biologist. He was influenced by Lyell's "Principles of Geology" and its idea of uniformitarianism. Sailed on the british ship called the Beagle (1831-36) He was also influenced by thomas Malthus's ideas on limitations of human population. Darwin married Emma Wedgwood.(His cousin) Had ten children and three died in infancy. Wrote an essay on natural selection in 1844, but did not publish it. Published "On the Origin of Species"

1. all organisms have descended with modification from common ancestors. 2. the chief agent of modification is the action of natural selection on variation.

1. All species have the ability to reproduce and increase exponentially if all the offspring survive. 2. Most populations are normally stable.

not self directed, individuals do not evolve.

Modification of structures.

The principle of parsimony. " All other things being equal, the simplest solution is most likely the best."

Structural similarity is due to a shared evolutionary origin.

Structural similarity do to environmental pressure.

Organs that have lost their function.

reappearance of lost structures.

Ontogeny replicates phylogeny. Embryonic development repeats evolutionary history.

had speckled grey wings. Makes them difficult for other animals to see. Melanics appeared in 1849. (darker than normal pepper moths.)

back up chromosomes for bacteria. Resistance to antibiotics are carried by these. these are transferred from bacteria readily. Even to other species.