MicroBio 1, Quiz 2

i.e. heat or radiation

i.e. disinfectants and antiseptics

• Prions
• Bacterial Endospores

• Protozoan Cysts
• Naked viruses
• Hep B
• Polovirus

• Fungal Spores
• Enveloped Viruses
• Yeasts
• Protozoan Trophozoites
• BacterialVegetative Spores

• Most resistant to control
• 18x's harder to destroy than counter part vegetative cells

• Removes ALL viable microorganisms including viruses
• For inanimate objects
• Usually heat but also some chemicals called sterilants

Kills microbes

Stops reproduction of microbes

• Physical or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but NOT bacterial endospores
• On inanimate objects

Microbial Population

• Removes debris, microorganisms and toxins
• Reduces infection and spoilage

• Reduction of microbial load through mechanical means on living tissue
• Surgical hand soap, alcohol wipes

• Targets metabolic process in a cell
• Time & Concentration

More metabolic activity vs. less

• 1) # of microorganisms (more contaminants, longer to destroy)
• 2) Nature of microorganisms in population (more variation, higher resistance)
• 3) Temp of pH in environment
• 4) Concentration (dosage, intensity) of agent
• 5) Mode of action (kill or inhibit)
• 6) Presence of solvents, interfering organic matter and inhibitors (i.e. blood, saliva, feces)

• 1) cell wall (block synthesis, digest it, breaks down surface)
• 2) cel membrane (disrupts 2 way communication when disrupted. cannot prevent loss of molecules nor bar entry of danger)
• 3) cellular processes (Inhibits formation and proteins required for growth)
• 4) Protein Function (Breaks down native state bonds)
• 4) proteins

Micrbicidal

Microbistatic

• Hot water, boiling water, steam
• 60 to 135 c
• Lower temps and shorter exposure

• air w/ low moisture content that has been heated
• 160 c
• higher heat and longer exposure protein
• Dehydrates cell

Shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature

Lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes

• 1) Steam under pressure (15psi, 121c, most efficient, autoclave)
• 2) Nonpressurized steam (treatment, incubation, treatment. intermittent sterilization. for heat sensitive culture)
• 3) Boiling water (disinfection only, easily recontaminated, good for non sporeforming pathogens)
• 4) Pasteurization (disinfection of beverages. 71.6 for 15 sec *Flash*, or 63-66 for 30 *Batch*)

• Dry Heat
• 800-6,500 c
• Reduces microbes to ashes and gas
• Metals and heat-resistant glass materials

• Usually electric
• 12 min to 4 hours
• 150c-180c

Dehydration

• Energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity
• gamma, x, ultraviolet

• Bombardment with radiation at cellular level
• Absence of heat- thus cold/ low temp sterilization

• Penetrates solid barrier
• Bombards cell
• Breaks DNA and mutates
• gamma, x, high speed electrons
• Food and anthrax

• Enters cells
• Strikes molecules
• Effects DNA through abnormal bonds
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Disinfection
• Hospitals, schools, food prep, drinking water, purifying liquids

Kills Endospores and are sterilant

Kill fungal spores and resistant pathogens

Kills vegetative bacteria, fungal cells and some viruses

• Group VII
• Exert microbicidal in nonionic state
• Active ingredient in 1/3 of antimicrobial chemical

• Halogen
• Extensively used
• Sanitization & disinfection of food equipment, pools, spas, water, fresh foods

• Halogens
• Pungent blue/black chemical that forms brown colored solution
• Disinfects inanimate objects and treatment for burned/ infected skin

Used to prepare skin & mucas membrane

• strongly microbicidal but not reliably sporicidal
• toxic- cannot be used as antispetics

• general disinfection of drains, cesspools and animal quarters
• not a medical germicide
• lysol, soaps, antibacterial product in household products

• 2 Phenolic rings
• Bactericidal for gram negative and positive

• colorless hydrocarbons
• ethyl and isopropyl suitable for microbial control
• various impacts dependig on concentration
• lower concentration is greater killing
• 100% is only inhibitor

• germicidal
• nonirritating
• inexpensive

• colorless, caustic liquid that decomposes in presence of light, metals
• Applications: antispetic for wounds,

• Poloar molecules that act as surfactants
• limited mocrbicidal power
• soaps

• mercury, silver, gold, copper, arsenic, zinc
• applied in microbial control over several centuries
• high atomic weight
• antimocrobial effects in exceedingly small amounts (oligodynamic)
• Brings metabolism to a sand still

• CHO functioning group on terminal carbon
• glutaraldehyde
• formaldehyde

• 1) Microbes Sensitivity
• 2) Drug's toxicity
• 3) Health of patient

• Drugs should kill or inhibit the growth of microbes with out simultanously damaging host tissue.
• Best block synthesis of the cell wall

• 1) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
• 2) Breakdown of cell membrane structure or function
• 3) Inhibition of structures and functions of DNA & RNA
• 4) Inhibition of protein synthesis
• 5) Blocks key metabolic pathways

Particular range of activity

• Effective on small range of cell types
• Gram + only

Effective on both G+ and G- but not all of them

• Works on G+ and G-
• Attachs ribosomes that are found in most pathogens

• Considered bactericidal
• Active in young cells becous of active matabolism
• Penicillins & Cephalosporins

• Damaged membrane = death from disruption in metabolism or lysis
• Do not have to be actively dividing to be destroyed

• Inhibits replication by stopping transcription
• Blocks replication of viruses
• AZT and Acyclovir

• Ribosome mRNA complex
• Misreading of mRNA leads to abnormal proteins

Drugs mimic substrate and enters into competitive inhibition

• Cells continue to divide but without a cell wall
• Shape is distorted eventually after division membrane ruptures and eliminates themselves

Looks for enzymes to shut down

How long until all substructures are gone?

• Stability rate changes
• Los of core energy
• Nucleus changes and decays