Pathology I Block 1

What type of necrosis is seen in the brain?

What type of necrosis is seen in tuberculosis patients?

What type of necrosis occurs everywhere in the body except in the brain?

A type of necrosis where antigen:antibody complexes bind to fibrin in a Blood Vessel is called what?

In a patient with acute pancreatitis what type of necrosis is seen?

Necrosis due to bacterial or fungal infection is caused what?

What type of necrosis is described as cheeselike?

Coagulative necrosis superimposed with infection is said to be what?

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis in terms of the cell size?

What are the nuclear changes seen in necrosis?

Myositis ossificans?

Gastric acid reflux is known to cause what type of metaplasia?

Barret's esophagus

Deficiency of what vitamin results in squamous metaplasia?

What kind of metaplasia occurs in a chronic cigarette smoker?

What happens to the gyri and sulci in a patient with Alzeimer's?

What is used to identify Glycogen?

In what age group are you going to encounter lipofuscin?

What is ochronosis?

What stain is used for Iron?

Pallor, icterus, cyanosis, Clubbing, Lymphodenopathy, edema

Werner's?

What causes coagulative necrosis?

History of stroke would produce what necrosis?

Necrosis and infection produces what type of necrosis?

In what ppl would you find fat necrosis?

Depostition of immune complexes produces what type of necrosis?

Hypesensitivity reactions Type III produces what type of necrosis?

Cyanine inhibits what enzyme?

What is worse, hypoxia or ischemia, why?

How does protein malnutrition cause fatty change in the liver?

How does hypoxia cause fatty change in the liver/heart?

How does starvation cause fatty acid liver change?

Two stains for fat?

What is used to stain for Glycogen?

How does anemia produce a tigered affect of affected myocardium with unaffected myocardium with fatty change?

What is cholesterolosis?

What is Atherosclerosis?

What is a Xanthoma?

Where are Xanthomas found?

Nieman Pick C results in what?

What are Russell bodies?

What is found in pink hyaline reabsorption droplets?

Where are pink hyaline reabsorption droplets found in the kidney due to proteinuria?

In alpha-1- antitrypsin deficiency where do misfolded proteins accumulate?

In what cells are Russell bodies found?

Vimentin is an intermediate filament characteristic of what ?

Glial intermediate filaments are characteristic of what cells?

Intracellular accumulations of proteins usually appear as what?

Eosinophilic inclusion droplets of what intermediate protein are found in alcoholic liver disease?

Pink= hyaline droplets=protein

Alcoholic hyaline is composed of what intermediate protein?

Walls of kidney arteries are often hyalinzed due to what two chronic conditions?

Accumulation of coal in macrophages in the lymph nodes in the tracheobronchial regions is called?

Tattoo pigment and coal dust resides in what cell of the dermis?

A product of lipid peroxidation of lipid membrane is what?

What substrate acts as a telltale sign of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation?

What is cachexia?

Where does lipofuscin accumulates?

What is ochronosis?

Aggregates of ferritin micelles is called what?

Stain for heme and hemosiderin?

Deposition of calcium in dying tissue, locally is called what?

Hypercalcemia may lead to what type of calcification?

In _____________ macrophages activate a vitamin D precursor.

Calorie restriction activates a class of what proteins that are thought to promote expression of protein that mediate longevity

Causes for acute inflammation?

5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Fluid that is rich in proteins, leukocytes in the interstitial space is called?

Fluid that is low in protein and leukocytes in the interstitial space is called?

In terms of specific gravity what is the difference between exudate and transudate?

What are the 3 events of blood vessels that occur around the area of inflammation?

Inflammation induced vasodilation is induced by what two chemical mediators?

Increased permeability of BV is mediated by the contraction of endothelial cells mediated by which molecules?

Inflammation of lymph vessels is called?

Inflammation of lymph nodes is called?

What drains the increased extracellular fluid in the interstitial space during inflammatory edema?

Angiogenesis as well as formation of new lymphatic vessels occurs during inflammation for what reason?

Sialyl-lewis glycoprotein on the leukocyte binds to what on the endothelium?

Integrin binds to what on the endothelium?

Which selectin is used for homing of T lymphocytes to HEV of lymph nodes?

Firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium is mediated by what two molecules?

Which two molecules upregulate selectins on the endothelium in response to inflammation?

What increases the avidity of integrins?

What molecule between enodothelial cells allows for transmigration?

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I is caused by what?

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency type II is caused by what?

What are the chemotactic agents that allow for migration of leukocytes in the Interstitium?

Neutrophils predominate in infections caused by what?

Mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids contain _____ as the terminal group while bacterial glyco proteins and lipids contain-------

The glycopeptide coat of all bacteria contains _______
which is hydrolyzed by lysozy

Mediators of inflammation come from what two different sources?

Histamine acts on which receptors located on the arterioles and post capillary venules?

What essential aa gives rise to arachidonic acid?

Which prostoglandin induces uterine contraction and broncho and vasoconstriction?

Which prostoglandin inhibits platelet aggregation and is a potent vasodilator?

Lipoxins A and B have what function?

What is the function of PGD and E?

Which leukotriene is involved in neutrophil chemotaxis?

Which leukotriens mediate vaso and bronchoconstriction?

What agent blocks conversion of AA to Leukotrienes?

What agent blocks leukotriene receptor?

Which chemical mediator has both inflammatory functions such as vasodilation and increasing permeability as well as inhibiting leukocyte adhesion?

The familial Mediterranea fever is caused by a deficient what?

Chronic inflammation as in Familial Mediterrean fever results in protein deposition in tissues called what?

Sustained production of what contributes to cachexia?

Chemokines signal thru what type of receptor?

Which chemokine is used as a coreceptor for HIV1?

What cytokine is produced by Th17 cells that recruit neutrophils?

What are the 3 functions of Complement system?

Factor XII has an effect on what 4 different cascades?

What type of signalling is upregulated in Marfans?

FBN-2 mutation

Diagnostic tool for Marfans?

Gaping defects

What chronic inflammatory conditions lead to cancer?

Chronic inflammation can lead to what 4 conditions?

What are the possible mechanisms of chronic inflammation leading to neoplasms?

What are the 3 events to which acute inflammation can ultimately lead to?

What are the 3 products that cause tissue damage in chronic/acute inflammation?

What are the 3 molecules which mediate fever?

How does LPS induce fever?

What two molecules mediate pain?

Which chemokine receptors are used by HIV-1 for entry into the cell?

What are the molecules involved in acute inflammation?

What are the molecules involved in chronic inflammation?

What are the vasoconstriction molecules?

Molecules which promote vasodilation?

Molecules which promote vascular permeability

Molecules which promote vascular permeability?

Fever molecules

Pain

Tissue damage

What are the 2 components of blood that participate in inflammation reaction?

What is Serum Amylod Protein A (SAA protein)?
What function does it serve during acute phase protein?

Which acute phase protein is used as a marker for increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease?

Prolonged presence of acute phase proteins because of chronic inflammation tends to cause deposition of proteins called what?

Fibrinogen has what effect during acute phase protein production?

What acute phase protein causes increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate?
Why?

What are the four acute phase proteins?

What acute phase protein is responsible for reducing the availability of iron during chronic inflammation?

Elevated levels of what acute phase protein causes Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia?

What are the 3 functions of complement?

What is one chemical mediator that elicits most of the vascular and cellular reactions of inflammation such as vasodilation, increased permeability, chemotaxis, degranulation, leukocyte adhesion

Bone Marrow suppression as caused by tumor, radiation, chemotherapy causes what immuno-suppression?

Diabetes, Malignancy and sepsis cause what kind of immuno-deficiency?

Chronic Granulomatous Disease is of 2 types:
X-linked
Autosomal Recessive
Which component of the cell is defective in each i.e Cytoplasmic or membrane

In what form are plasma proteins involved in inflammation present in the plasma?

Rupture of arteries and colon are commonly seen in what type of Ehler's Danlos Syndrome?

Arthrochalasia and Dermatosparaxsis are forms of Ehler's Danlos syndrome caused by deficiency of collagen?

In what type of Ehler's Danlos Syndrome are ocular fragility seen?

Classical type of Ehler's Danlos syndrome is caused by what mutation?

Vascular type of Ehler's Danlos Syndrome is caused by what mutation

What are the 6 types of Ehler's Danlos syndrome?

What are the 3 symptoms of Marfans?

Defective extracellular matrix seen in Marfans is most likely due to upregulation or what growth factor?

A mutation in FBN-2 causes what?

Chemical Mediators involved in Vasodialtion?

What factor do hypoxic cells produce which induce the production of inflammatory mediators?

What molecules do necrotic cells release that stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators?

Non-enveloped viruses?

In what cells does Parvovirus replicates?

What is the difference between Transudate and Exudate in terms of the protein content and specific gravity?

Purulent inflammation is made up of what?

What is the difference between lobar and bronchopneumonia?

What is responsible for erythema?

When is stasis produced?

What is instrumental in accumulation of neutrophils along the endothelium?

Transcytosis

Which chemical mediator promotes transcytosis?

Vascular leakage of plasma fluid and proteins in patients with _______ can cause life threatening loss of fluid?

What 4 factors increase vascular permeability?

Lymphadenitis?

Lymphangitis?

What is margination?

P-selectin molecules are stored in what cells?
In what structure?

Which molecules stimulate the redistribution of P-selectins from Weibell-Palade Bodies to the surface of the endothelial cells?

Sialyl-Lewis glycoproteins or Integrins involved in rolling of leukocytes along the endothelium?

Which molecule on the Leukocytes is involved in adhesion to the endothelium?

What Leukocyte molecule is involved in Diapedes?

Integrin molecules binds to what receptors on the endothelium?

What is transmigration or diapedes?

Transcytosis vs. Transmigration

Thru what molecules are leukocytes able to bind to the extracellular matrix proteins?

In what bacterial infection do neutrophils predominate instead of macrophages?

What are the 3 opsonins?

Bacterial glycoproteins and glycolipids have what sugar in contrast with mammalian GlycoProteins and Glycolipids

In what condition are increased susceptibility to infections and albinism present?

What effect does intake of fish oil have on inflammation?

What are the mediators that act as anti-inflammatory agents?

What is the initial stimuli for initiation of inflammation?

Histamine exerts its vasoactive effects on blood vessels by binding to what receptors?

ADH acting on the blood vessels acts on what receptors?

Arachidonic acid could be converted from what essential fatty acid?

Which cells makes Thromboxane?

Which cell makes prostacyclin?

Balance between what two mediators ensures a right balance of clot making and breaking?

What is the proposed mechanism of how Cox-2 inhibitors increase the risk of arterial thrombosis?

What are the 2 drugs that are used in asthma that
-block leukotriene production?
-block leukotriene receptors?

How do corticosteroids inhibit the synthesis of mediators of inflammation?

What combines with NO to form Reactive Nitrogen Species?

What are the enzymes that degrade free radicals?

What is the mechanism of injury caused by reperfusion?

How many different types of No synthase are there?

Which chemical mediator has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties?

Which inflammatory mediator is considered to an endogenous mechanism for controlling inflammatory responses?

Which cytokines are produced in acute inflammation?

Which cytokines are produced in chronic inflammation

Mutations in what interleukin gene cause inherited autoinflammatory syndromes such as Familial Mediterranean fever?

In gout, the inflammasome complex (IL-1) is activated to produce a condition called Gout by what substrate?

In patients with Familiar Mediterranean Fever, the chronic inflammation may lead to deposition of protein called what?

TNF regulates energy balance by promoting protein and lipid mobilization for production of acute phase proteins resulting in wasting called?

Eotaxin cytokine recruits what cells?

Chemokines bind to what type of enzyme linked receptors?

What is the action of IL-17 ?

What are the 2 anti-protease commonly found in serum and other secretions?

Acid proteases work where in the neutrophil?

What kind of proteases degreade ECM like collagen, elastin, fibrin?

What are the functions of Neuropeptipe P (substance P)?

C3 and C5 can be cleaved by what?

Fibrinous exudate is commonly seen in the inflammation of what?

Purulent inflammation is primarily made up of what leukocytes?

What is silicosis?

Macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes are called what?

What is immune inflammation?

Eosinophils contain what type of protein that elimincates parasites?

What is osteomyelitis?

What leukocytes are found in osteomyelitis?

Giant cells with nuclei arranged peripherally are called what?

Giant cells with nuclei arranged in the middle of the cell are called what?

What cytokine transforms macrophages into epitheliod cells?

What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?

What type of granuloma is seen in Tuberculosis?

What type of granuloma is seen in cat-scratch fever?

Which granuloma has a "gumma" granuloma appearance?

What is one probably mechanism thru which fever might help fight infection?

Why do you see anemia in chronic inflammation?

What are leukemoid rxns?

What types of infections cause neutrophilia?

What type of infections cause lymphocytosis?

Typhoid fever has what effect on leukocytes?

What 2 cytokines mediate septic schock?

What is the reason for hypertrophy of the uterus during pregnancy?

What are the 2 mechanisms involved in cardiac hypertrophy?

Hypertrophy of the heart is associated with a switch from adult contractile proteins to what form?

What vasoactive mediator is upregulated in a hypertrophied heart?

Which epithelium in a woman undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Transcription factors involved in hypertrophy have what 3 effects?

Hyperplasia of the endometrium and prostate is due to what?

How does a papilloma virus induces hyperplasia of epithelium?

Hyperplasia can be cause by two factors?

What are common causes of atrophy?

Deficiency of what vitamin is known to induce squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium?

Myositis Ossificans?

Vitamin A regulates gene expression thru what receptor?

What is the first manifestation of cell injury?

Coagulative necrosis may be seen in what tissues?
What is seen in coagulative necrosis ?

Liquefactive necrosis occurs where?
What is it characterized by?

How is Fibrinoid necrosis produced?

Influx of what ion activates proteases and other degradating enzymes?

What are the intracellular enzymes that Ca activates?

What is oxidative stress?

What damage do free radicals perform?

At which point are injuries to cells considered irreversible?

What are Myelin figures?

What is the most useful strategy in ischemic injuries?

What are the causes of Ischemic-reperfusion injury?

What is used to stain for apoptotic bodies?

What are the two pathways of initiating apoptosis?

What is hemosiderin?

What are psammoma bodies?

What is the deficient enzyme in Tay-Sachs?

Hexaminidase A deficiency arises from a mutation in what chromosome?

Nieman-Pick is caused by a mutation in what chromosome?