A cell that fuses with another during fertizliation in sexually reproducing organisms
Spermatazoa
Mature male germ cell, fertilizes mature ovum
Ova
(s. ovum) 1n female gamete
Ovary
Ovum producing organ of the female reproductive system
Testis
Produces sperm
Primary sexual characteristics
Strutures in the body directly concered w/ reproduction. IE testis/ovary/external genetalia
Secondary sexual characteristics
Any features which distinguish two sexes of a species but are not part of the reproductive system
Oogenesis
Creation of an ovum, female form of gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
creation of sperm, male form of gametogenesis
2N Chrosome number
Diploid 46 in humans
1N Chromsome Number
Haploid 23 in humans
Embryo
time of conception-8 weeks
Fetus
9 weeks-Birth
Dartos
Smooth Muscle in scrotum
cremaster muscle
striated muscle in scrotum that pulls testis closer to body (involuntary)
Vascularization of testis
gonadal arteries and veins
Internal structure of testis
Seminiferous tubulues-site of spermatogenesis-a process not involving cell division, loss of cytoplasm and generates a flagellum
Kinds of cells in tubules
1)Spermatogonia (2N)
2)Primary spermocyte (2N)
3)Secondary spermocyte (1N)
4)Spermatid (1N)
5)Spermatazoa (1N)
Other kinds of cell in testis
1) Sertoli cells, AKA nurse cells, found in wall of tubule, functon to protect spermocyte, also provide hormones.
2)Leydig cells-lie between seminiferous tubules, and are endocrine in function, provide testosterone to testis by diffusion into capillaries
Accessory glands of male reproductive system
1)Seminal vesicle-produces 60% of semen by volume, secretes fructose into semes
2)Prostate-produces 30% of semen by volume
3)Bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland)
Content of semen
-Nutrients for sperm-fructose
-Alkalinity to enhance motility
-seminalplasm-antibiotic
-prostoglandin, many functions in both male and female repro system. Thins cervical mucus, reverse persitalsis in female system
Structure of penis
Consists of 3 connective tissue bodies
-Two called corpus cavernosum
-one called corpus spongiosum-houses urethra
Male gonadotropic hormones
ICSH-interstital luetinizing hormone-from the pituitary, simtulates interstital cells to secrete testosterone
FSH-Follice stimulating hormone, from the pituitary, must be present for testosterone to be effective in stimulating production of spermatazoa
Testosterone-made within cells of Leydig. It is released into the interstitium between semineferous tubules, where it is picked up by blood and distributed throughout the body. It has many effects, one of which is the stimulation of spermatogenesis.
The movement function of muscle tissue is accompanied by
Muscle tissue pulling on resistant surfaces such as cartilage
Straited muscle can total up to __% of body weight?
40%
When the phrase "all or nothing" is used, it is in reference to?
Muscle Fiber
The connective tissue wrapping of muscles and muscles components are often refered to as?
Investments
A histological, logitudinal section of a collagenous component at a region adjacent to a bone, is seen to contain muscle fibers at one of its ends. The component is?
A Tendon
Muscles are flexible but not very elastic?
False
Voluntary muscle is...
Striated and somatic
Smooth muscle can commonly be found...
in the walls of tubular organs, such as the gut and blood vessels, as well as in the walls of the urninary bladder
Muscles of facial expression are...
Largely a mamillian function, and have social signaling as one their most important functions.
Muscles of facial expression are...
Composed of striated muscle
Smooth muscle can be reliably identified histologically because...
it lacks cross striations
Smooth muscle is ____ involuntary
Largely
Smooth muscle is responsible for...
Local control of blood flow in some vessels, largely responsible for labor in child birth, and controlling the movement of nutrients in the intenstine (mainly involuntary things)
is segmented, has fibers that run perpendicular to to those of the transverse abdominus, functions to compress the abdomen, is composed of striated voluntary muscle
A muscle attachment that attaches to the part that moves is called
insertion
The body of muscles that extend to the toes are to be found in the____?
Leg
If a muscle in an agonist of another muscle it____?
it has generally the same function
Many muscles have tendons that work like a pulley and reverse direction upon contraction
True
When a muscle causes the angle between the moving and non moving portion to decrease, the movement is called ____?
Flexion
A striated sphincter muscle not attached to the skull is the ____?
Anal sphincter
Intrinsic muscles attach____?
from one portion of an organ to another portion of the same organ
The figure below represents blood vessels. The arrows indicated blood flow within the vessel. The vessel is __?
<- To heart <-
Vein
Capilaries have walls composed of?
Extremely thin, flat epithelial cells.
A good diagnostic character of veins and arteries is?
The direction of blood flow in regards to the heart
The main difference between an arteriole and a meta arteriole is ____?
The amount of smooth muscle in the wall
All blood cells start out having nuceli?
True
The muscles attached to they hyoid bone function primarily in?
Talking
Muscles are most common regarded as?
Effectors
The shape of grey matter seen here is best described by ___?
Changes size depending on the specific location of the section
Of the five common circulating leukocytes, which is the one most common on blood smears?
PMN's
Hemoglobin is found ___?
in RBC in cytoplasm
All arteries terminate in vessels called
None of these (Artery vessels?)
Hemoglobin functions primarily as ____?
Carrier molecule for oxygen and carbondioxide
A cranial nerve the innervates the retina
Nerve II
Veins tend to be larger than artieries
False
Which cranial nerve is mostly a motor nerve but has a few sensory fibers that go into the inner ear?
Nerve VII
Cranial nerves are anatomically distinct from other nerves because ____?
They take their origins from the brain
Neurons and Nerves differ in that____?
Nerves are a kind of cells and neurons are best thought of a as a type of organ
Neuralglial cells have ____?
many different functions and may be found in the ganglia and ....?
Myelin is a ___?
kind of lipo-protein
Integration of a series of nerve impulses occurs commonly in ____?
In the cerebellum, in the cortex, in the cerebrum, and in gray matter
The number of morphologically distinct types of WBCs that are commonly in circulation are ?
5
An important fact that helps explain the existance of ear moving muscles in humans is ____?
Nearly all mamals have these muscles
Which cranial nerve innerviates three distinct regions of the head and the face?
Nerve V
Cranial Nerve X _____?
Has fibers that innerviate the heart, and is a mixed nerve
A diagnostic feature of a meta arteriole is____?
They have an incomplete investment of smooth muscle fibers
Capillaries consit of a tube composed of simple squamous epithelium
True
Diapedesis is a pathological condition that is treatable
False
An analysis of the conent of a blood clot would reveal that it is primarily composed of _____?
Largely fibrin and erthrocytes
The muscle that take the origin from the hyoid bone function largely to _____?
enable the function of extinsic tounge muscles
A transverse section of the very tip of a terminal phalynx would contain no striated muscle and only smooth muscle that is _____?
Associated with blood vessels
Tiny anuclated formed bodies that are found in blood and is important to blood clotting is?
Platelets
"Blood as a tissue has two main functions, 1) To deliver oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide (a gas exchange function). 2) A nutrative function- delivering glucose, amino acids, and other molecules essential to the metabolism of a cell"
This phrase is enormesly flawed because it is incomplete
Blood cells are named and classified primarily using ____?
The cell morphology and staining properties
Hematpoesis and diapedesis are closely related phenomoneon.
False
A five pound blood clot was collected from a whale. The clot was put through a strainer and yellowish fluid was extracted. This fluid is?
Blood Sera
The pubic symphysis _______?
may undego changes under hormonal influences and become more elastic as well as attaching the pubic bones together
The hypodermis is characerized by dense regular connective tissue
False
The dermis is largely avascular
False
Dense bone is only found in apendicular bones
False
Eccrine glands usually empty into hair follicles
False
Sebaceous glands are of epidermal origin
True
Sebaceous glands may empty to the surface of the epidermis from a pore either independent of hair follicles or may secrete into a hair follicle
True
The reason that hair can function as a good insulator is because ____?
Hair traps air which prevents heat transfer
Exocringe glands are usually _____?
derived from epithelilal cells
The following types of cells can be found in connective tissue
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The most common type of cartilage, found on the end of bones and in joints is ______?
hyaline
The skin glands that secrete primarily a watery based fluid is
Sebaceous or sweat glands
the integumentary system is composed entirely of sturctures of
both ectodermal and mesodermal in origin
The main types of tissues are___?
epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous
A major physiological difference between cartilage and bone is that____?
extracellular matrix of the tissue that is normally calcified in bone, the extracellular matrix of cartilage is usally permeable to water, cartilage is mostly avascular
Muscle and bone are derived embyonically from _____?
mesoderm
The organic component of bone matrix is ____?
The portion made of collagen
Intermembraneous bone has percursor during development of___?
Collagen membranes
Osteoclast activity results in _____?
freeing calcium ions into the blood
Phalanges are ___?
none of these
A bullet penetrates the chest center and passes through ventral (anterior) flat bone and continues on to lodge in the body of a thoracic vetebra. The name of the flat bone that was first peneterated by the bullet is____?
Manubrium or xyphoid process
How many of the different tissues pictured demonstrate squamous cells
2
How many of the different tissues pictured demonstrate true stratified epithilium
3
Normal bone development is especiall dependent on ___?
Vitamin D3
The criteria for determine if a gland is exocrine or endocrine, depends on _______?
whether or not the gland secretes into a duct
The first chemical solution used to prepare a tissue sample for histology is likely to be____?
Formaldehyde solution
An articulation that is free moving is called?
Diarthrotic
They synovial membrane ___?
lines the joint cavity, and secertes synovial fluid
A center of ossification is____?
Where bony tissue first comes into existence during the development of a bone
Bone derivives is strength and resilience from ____?
A combination of organic and inorganic components
Synovial fluid functions as ____?
An excellent lubricant
The nutrtion of bone tissue is dependent on
Nutrient foramina, Volkmann's canals, Haversian cannals, and Canaliculi
The number of bones in vertebrate animals has ____?
decreased in some kinds, such as mammals
Red marrow is found extensively _____?
between trabeculae in cancellous bone
White or yellow marrow is found commonly in _____?
Medullary canals
When two bones are considered homologus it means that they are____?
are connected to the same adjacent bones and other structures such as vessels, muscles and nerves and are derived from the same phylogenetic origin
The primary difference bettween synarthotic and diarthotic articulation is ___?
Mobility and the presence of a synovial capsule
Osteoperosis is more common in older women than in older men because
women are subject to testosterone and estrogen shortages in old age,
The reason that intervertebral disks exibit a large amount of tensile strength and absorbs shock is because they posses ____?
Collagen fibers
Which statement describes connetive tissue?
Usually contains a large amount of matrix
Multicellular execrrine glands can be classified ___?
Into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine kinds?
Epithelial tissue ____?
have one of the surfaces exposed to the exterior of the body or body cavity
When preapring tissues for sectioning so they can be examined histologically , the tissues are commonly____?
inundated by hot molten wax, exposed to many water-soluble chemicals that stain tissue, dehydrated by passing through multiple changes of alcohol of increasing strength, and immeresed in a fixing solution that causes permanent changes to protein structure
Tissue is _____?
An association of cells, and non-living cell products that work together to perform one or more functions
In glands that are said to be merrocrine in their secretory mechanism____?
None of the above
Adipose tissue can be recognized histologically because ___?
of its large vacuoles filled with lipids
Hyaline cartilage can be recognized visually because of___?
Its ability to allow much light through most of its mass making it translucent
The most abundant kind of epidermal cell is___?
Keratinocytes
Embryonic germ layers make up the entire body of _____?
Very early embryos
A structural protein that is important in nearly all specific kinds of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone is ___?
Collagen
In which layer of the skin are you most likely to find large numbers of cells undergoing mitosis?
stratum basale (germinativum)
What is the function of Merkel cells?
Epidermal sensory input
The fibers found in connective tissue ____?
Occur extra cellularly, are not alive, include collagen and elastic and reticular fibers
Most glands of the body are composed largely of ____?
epithelial tissues
A synonym for an endocrine gland is___?
A ductless gland
The science that relies largely on the light microscope and the electron microscope to study the structure of tissues is ____?
Histology
Transitional epithelium _____?
is found in the urinary tract
The actual respiratory membrane where respiratory gasses are significantly exchanged with blood occur ___?
in the walls of the alveoli
The diagnostic characteristic of a respiratory bronchiole is ____?
it has attached alveoli
Air can pass directly frome on alveoli to antoher through _____?
Alveolar pores
Endocrine glands that are dependent on the arrival of other hormones to insure the secretion of certain hormones are ___?
common
Two endocrine glands that are involved in calcium regulation are ____?
Thyroid and parathyroid
The function of cillia on the epithelium of the lining of the respiratory tract is primarily to______?
provide a moving coat of mucus on epithelial surfaces
The direction followed by particles adhering to respiratory muscus found within the nasopharnyx is___?
Up towards the glottis
Pulmonary surfactant is important in _____?
Proper lung function in newborns through old age
The chemical content found in lung aveoli is mostly___?
Nitrogen
Breathing movements is largely controlled by the ____?
Medulla oblongata
The name for the layer covering the lungs is ___?
Visceral pleura
Pulmonary surfactant is manufactured in____?
The walls of the alveoli
The larynx ___?
is composed of various cartilagnous plates that are connected to one another , often with moveable synovial joints
Bile's role is to assist digestion by ___?
emulsifying fats
Bile is___?
manufactured in the liver
In the common bile duct, bile flows directly from the?
None of the above
Digestion and absorption are two processes in the digestive system that___?
Both occur in the stomach and intestines, and both are essential to delivering nutrients throughout the body
The pancreas_____?
Manufactures digestive enzymes that are delivered to the small intestine, and manufactures general metabolic hormones.
The islets of Langerhans are____?
Groups of hormone producing cells found in the pancreas
