Biology 101 Final

Abundance of a particular allele among members of a population

mode of natural selection in which phenotypes at one end of a range of variation are found

theoretical state in which a population is not evolving

mutation that drastically alters phenotype; causes death

change in allele frequencies in a population or species

a mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction

mode of natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes are favored over extremes

mode of natural selection that favors two forms in a range of variation; intermediate forms are selected against

mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates

maintance of two or more alleles for a trait in some populations, as a result of natural selection against homozygotes

reduction in population size so severe that it reduces genetic diversity

refers to an allele for which all members of a population are homozygous

change in allele frequencies that occurs after a small number of individuals establish a population

change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance alone

the movement of alleles into and out of a population, as by individuals that immigrate or emigrate

nonrandom mating among close relatives

absence of gene flow between populations; part of speciation

process by which new species arise from existing species

speciation pattern in which a physical barrier that seperates members of a population ends gene flow between them

pattern in which speciation occurs in the absenceof a physical barrier

the joint evolution of two closely interacting species; each species is a selective agent for traits of the other

adaptation of an existing structure for a completely different pupose; a major evolutionary novelty

refers to a species that has been permanetly lost

patterns of evolution that occur above the species level

simultaneous extinction of many lineages

macroevolutionary pattern in which a lineage persists with little or no change over evolutionary time

a burst of genetic divergences from a lineage gives rise to many new species

an evolutionary adaptation that gives its bearer the opportunity to exploit a particular environment more efficiently or in a new way

a group of organisms

science of naming and classifying species

quanifiable, heritable characteristic or trait

a group of species that share a set of characters

method of determining evolutionary relationships by grouping species into clades

evolutionary tree diagram that shows a network of evolutionary relationships among clades

type of diagram that summarizes evolutionary relationships among a group of species

an ancestor and all of its descendants

evolutionary history of a species or groups of species

the two lineages that emerge from a node on a cladogram

submerged opening where hot, mineral-rich water streams out

membranous sacs that contain interacting organic molecules

hypothetical early interval when RNA served as the material of inheritance

one species lives inside another

organism that encloses in DNA in a nucleus; a protist, plant, fungus, or animal

atmospheric layer with a high concentration of ozone that prevents much UV radiation from reaching Earth's surface

single-celled organism in which the DNA resides in the cytoplasm; a bacterium or archaean

dome-shaped structures composed of layers of prokaryotic cells and sediments; form in shallow seas

of a prokaryote, a small ring of nonchromosomal DNA with a few genes

one prokaryotic cell transfers a plasmid to another

method of asexual reproductionin which one proyotic cells divides and forms two identical descendant cells

a subgroup within a species that has a characteristic trait or traits

prokaryotic domain most closely related to eukaryotes; most members live in extreme environments

most diverse prokaryotic domain

organism that breaks organic material down into its inorganic subunits

organism that lives where the salt concentration is high

organism that lives where the temperture is very high

organism that produces methane gas as a metabolic by-product

process of combining nitrogen gas with hydrogen to form ammonia

collection of micro-organisms that normally live in or on a healthy animal or person

organism that infects another organism and causes disease

animal that transmits a pathogen between its hosts

in freshwater protists, an organelle that collects and expels excess water

member of a heterotrophic lineage of protists that have one or more flagella

heterotrophic protist that secretes a calcium carbonate shell

layer of proteins that gives shape to mady unwalled, single-celled protists

community of tinydrifting or swimming organisms

a eukaryote that is not a fungus, plant, or animal

population explosion of single-celled aquatic organisms such as dinoflagellates

parasitic protist that enters and lives inside the cells of its host

able to use ATP to produce light

single-celled, heterotrophic protist with many cilia

single-celled, aquatic protists typically with cellulose plates and two flagella; may be heterotrophic or photosynthetic

heterotrophic protist that forms a mesh of nutrient-absorbing filaments

multicelled, photosynthetic protists with brown accessory pigments

single-celled photosynthetic protist with brown accessory pigments and two-part silica shell

single-celled, colonial, or multicelled photosynthetic protists belonging to the group most closely related to land plants

single-celled or multicelled photosynthetic protist with red accessory pigment

single-celled heterotrophic protist that moves and feeds by extending pseudopods

virus that infects prokaryotes

heterotrophic protist that usually lives as a single-celled predator. when conditions are unfavorable, cells aggregate into a cohesive group that can form a fruiting body

heterotrophic protist that moves and feeds as a multinucleated mass; forms a fruiting body when conditions are unfavorable

infectious particle that consists of protein and nucleic acid and replicates only inside a living cell

bacteriophage replication pathway in which the virus becomes integrated into the host's chromosome and is passed to its descendants

breaking of a cell's plasma membrane; results in death of the cell

bacteriophage replication pathway in which the virus replicates in its host and quickly kills it

condiction that arises when a pathogen interferes with an organism's normal body functions

a disease that remains present at low levels in a population

a disease spreads rapidly through a population

a disease spreads worldwide

a disease that breaks out occasionally and affects only a small portion of a population

member of an early evolving plant lineage that does not have vascular tissue; such as a moss

secreted covering at a body surface

haploid gamete-forming stafe in a plant life cycle

material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants

vascular tissue that distributes sugars

multiceled, photosynthetic organism; develops from an embryo that forms on the parent and is nourished by it

diplois spore-forming stage in a plant life cycle

adjustable pores in a plant cuticle

a plant that has xylem and phloem

vascular tissue that distributes water and dissolved mineral ions

plant that grows on the trunk or branches of another plant but does not harm it

stem that grows horizontally along the ground

in seed plants, a haploid cell that gives rise to a female gametophyte

in seed plants, a haploid cell that gives rise to a male gametophyte (pollen grain)

of seed plants, chamber inside which the female gametophyte forms

delivery of pollen to female part of a plant

increase in diameter of a plant part

lignin-stiffened secondary growth of some seed plants

cone-bearing gymnosperms

female part of a flower

in flowering plants, one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygotee, and another fertilizes a diploid cell, forming what will become endosperm

nutritive tissue in an angiosperm seed

largest lineage of angiosperms; includes herbaceous plants, woody trees, and cacti

specialized reproductive shoot of a flowering plant

mature ovary tissue that encloses a seed or seeds

lineage of angiosperms that includes grasses, orchids and palms

of angiosperms only, a floral chamber that holds one or more ovules

animal that moves pollen from one plant to another, thus facilitating pollination

male part of a flower

spore-producing heterotroph with cell walls of chitin that feeds by extracellular digestion and absorption

a single filament in a fungal mycelium

mass of threadlike filaments (hyphae) that make up the body of amulticelled fungus

organism that feeds on wastes and remains