HBSE Final

Erikson

we develope through predetermined unfolding of stages (8) bloomimg rose

(1)tasks (2)optimal timing

virtue or psychosocial strength

maladaptions and malignancies

Erikson

the life span, not just during first 5 yrs

a healthy ego propelled people toward next developmental stage

people have a sense of inner unity, good judgment and capacity to do well

social forces about which they are conscious

mutual relationship between individual and society

nourishing exchange of community life

social class, culture, and national affiliation, each of which has ideological framework, roles, rituals and gives people collective power to create their own environment

• 1)need for social attention
• 2)need for competence – ability to master one’s environment
• 3)need for structure and order in one’s social affairs

sociological unconscious – incl cultural factors outside one’s awareness.

suggested a tendency of an individual’s life to form a coherent, lifetime experience and to be joined or linked to previous and future generations

a period of life characterized by a specific underlying organization

idea that each stage depends on resolutions of the experiences of prior stages

a developmental task involving the formation of a personal philosophy of life and an integrated set of values.

proposed eight stages across the life cycle, each of which is a developmental challenge. stages involve age-related expectations w/in a particular society. each stage precipitates a psychosocial crisis and involves a task

active efforts to resolve the tension, which result in personality’s core adaptive ego qualities and core pathologies

• 1)ability to gain and process new information
• 2)ability to maintain emotional control
• 3)ability to move freely w/in environment

• o gender
• o available resource
• o nature of relationships
• o accumulated experience

• Pavlov
• John Watson - conducted experiments on humans
• BF Skinner - followed watson and expanded principal of operant conditioning by changing or modifying behavior by changing the consequences of behavior
• Albert Bandura - social learning theory - modeling

does, thinks, or feel that can be observed. Inferences about a person’s mental activity should be minimized because it cannot be directly observed.

to seek pleasure and avoid pain. They are likely to behave in ways that produce encouraging responses, or positive reinforcement.

their learning, by direct environmental feedback, and by watching others behave and interact.

clearly defined and measurable.

influencing reinforcements or punishments for client behaviors. Consistent and immediate reinforcements produce change most rapidly.

Respondent Conditioning

a naturally satisfying stimulus (uncond stim) is paired with a neutral stim (n stim)

precedes behavior. (looks for the antecedents of behavior)

Instrumental Conditioning

a result of reinforcement

Watson and Skinner

consequences..... for what comes after as a means of learning.

Albert Bandura added modeling and stated that people learn not only from direct reinforcement but by seeing how the behaviors of others is reinforced. (increasing the focus on cognition)

• Self-Efficacy
• Learned helplessness

their learning, direct environmental feedback, and by watching others behave. (think of the child watching adult abusive behaviors)

Imitation, observation, beliefs, expectations

sense of personal competence

an expectation that one can personally accomplish goals

All people naturally seek relationships with others

psychoanalytical theory but emphasizes human relationships as primary motivational force in life vs drives of aggression and sexuality.

relationships rather than individual entities

Otto Kernberg, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth Winnicott, Kohut

other person or the mental image of a person that we incorporate into our selves thru internalization.(our ability to carry our attachments to object)

connect us with the object and support internalization.

Etzioni

Social Norms determine productivity, non-economic rewards are important, workers react as members of a social group, leadership must understand the social roles, the theory minimizes distance between management and workers and informatin flows from the bottom up

McGregor's adaptation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the significance of self-actualizing needs

People have an inherent dislike for work and they must be coerced to work, they prefer to be told what to do and monetary reward is primary

Work is natural, like play and it does not need to be forced, workers will commit to an oganization's goals if their own needs are being met, organizational tasks should be structured to allow workers to exercise creativity

An agency is in constant interaction with it's multiple environments

• Political Economy Model
• Learning Organizational Theory

Focuses on the need for agencies to receive resources from the environment and impact of interaction on internal processes and the structure o the agency

organisms must become complex organisms so they can scan the environment, anticipate change,

Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton, Uri Bronfenbrenner and Ludwig von Bertalanffy

social systems are thought to remain relatively stable, are held together by shared values, are seen as socially conservative and it is assumed that they are closed system

Karl Marx - social conflict is economic between propertied and non-propertied

capitalsim has debased human spirit b/c of structure of social relations in the workplace, assumes that the owners get more and the workers get less

that the group members will be more willing to go along with the idea or prediction of how well an act will accomplish the groups purpose

power and prestige of group members are correlated with their status

human interaction can be understood in terms of rewards and costs (costs/benefits analysis)

object relations theory

how object relations derive from early attachment experience, and the role of attachment over the lifespan

psychological problems don't derive from internal conflict but innate sexual or aggressive drives but from deficits in relationships, and it leads us to pay more attention to the environment

affectional tie with some other differentiated and preferred individual who is usually conceived of as stronger/wiser

conduct aimed at attaining or maintaining closeness to an attachment figure

• lorenz - imprinting on geese
• harlow - padded wire monkeys
• ainsworth - strange situation

• securely attached
• avoident
• ambivalently attached
• disorganized/disoriented behavior

reflects cultural and individual parental biases, it ignores the genetic component, and it emphasizes early parenting too much and leads to mother-bashing

good enough mothering, holding environment, transitional objects

individuality is lost b/c energy is devoted to perpetuating early ties to significant others by maintaining learne models of connection

introject an image of themselves as unloveable and defficient, subsequently they are unable to develop caring, consistent relationships with their own children

acquisition and function of human thought and knowledge.the influence of beliefs RE the self and the world on behavior and emotional states

• piaget's info-processing theory
• evidence RE how the brain works
• Social Learning Theory

environmental conditions or stimuli that induce and maintain behaviors and includes cognitice theory and social learning theory