Psychology 101

perspective that the task of psycholgy is to analzye consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related; introspection; Titchener

based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure; James

attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinatns of behavior; Sigmund Freud

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study and observe behavior; John Watson, Skinner

a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth; Carl Rodgers & Abraham Maslow

the branch concerned with every day practical problems

the branch concerned with the diagnosis and treament of psychologial problems and disorders

believes that much of the human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of the bodily structure and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave

examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

uses theory and reserach to better understand the postitive, adaptive, creative, and fufilling aspects of human existence

research for research sake

answering questions for application

plain description; cannot rule out any rival hypotheses

observing naturally ocurring behavior in as subtle a way as possible; cons are that subjects may know they are being watched, time consuming, ethical issues, only public behavior

asking about sensitive topics or rare behaviors thorugh questionaire or survey (inexpensive); cons can be bad interviewer, bad survey, dishonest or lazy survey takers

looking at behavioral biproducts or artifacts left behind; accretion is adding, erosion is taking way

a descriptive study of just one person used as the first steps into unknown areas; cons are that it's very time consuming, expensive, and subjective

includes control and manipulation of environment

rules out other variables

any variable that can affect the results

anything that might cue the subjects into the purpose of the experiment

change in behavior because people know they're being observed

both participants and experimenters are blind to variables

differences between voluneets and non-voluneets can effect results

informed consent, voluntary participation, right to withdraw at all times, minimize harm and discomfot, insure confidentiality, and deception only if justifiable

the brain and spinal cord

all the nerves that radiate from CNS to the rest of the body

controls interal organs and involuntary functions

controls muscular systems and external sensor receptors

state of arousal; fight or flight

calm state; rest and digest

communicates information throughout the nervous system

bring sensory information in and send to the CNS

transmit information outwards from the CNS back to the sensory neurons

link sensory and motor neurons inside the spinal cord

"nerve glue" that feeds and removes dead neurons

the small fluid filled space between two neurons

the brief change in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon; 1) neuron recieves sensory signal 2) sodium moves into the neuron and the charge goes from -70mv to +40mv 3) neuron starts pumping sodium out; threshhold is at -55mv

places along the axon where there is no glial

glial that surrounds axon and helps message to travel faster

long part of neuron that transmits messages; the thicker the faster

parts at the end of the axon that release neurotrasnmitters into the synapse to other neuron and send messages

parts near the nucleus that recieve messages from other neurons

presynaptic sends the message and post synaptic recieves the message

transmission of neurotransmitters between two neurons in synapse; 1) presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synapse as synaptic vesicles rupture 2) neurotransmitters bind bind to side of postsynaptic neuron and are then released 3) reuptake: presynaptic neuron absorbs neurotransmitters, destroyed, or drift off

removing brain parts or burning precisely; not very ethical and limiting

using electrodes to stimulate different ares of the brain and see what happens

using a magnet to temporarily affect surface part of brain

measures electrical activity in the brain, but not in specific areas

forms picture based on composite x-rays

injecting the brain with glucose; recieves a horizontal, color coded slice view of brain

very powerful magnetism stimulates hydrogen atoms and gives detailed image of brain from different angles

shows blood flow and MRI images

medulla, pons, reticular formation/activating system, and cerebellum

controls involuntary body funtions

connects lower and higher region; controls arousal and sleep

involved in arousal and sleep, attention and consiousness

controls coordinated movement

recieves auditory and visual information

involved in higher level thinking, emotions, and personality; includes thalamus and limbic system

sensory relay stations for everything but smell

involved in motivation and emotion; includes hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

pleasure center; controls basic drives and emotions (4 Fs)

involved in emotion, aggression, and fear

involved in higher level thinking

located near forehead; involed in higher level thinking, judgement, and conttols movement

top back of head; key for sensations

at low back of head; visual functioning

at sides by ears and involved in hearing

controls production of speech

controls understanding of language

controls right side of body; involved in speech, language, logic, math

controls left side of body; involed in non-verbal, creativity, spatial ability, artistic

white, protective outer covering of eye

transparent, fluid filled, curved, fixed size area of eye

the center of the retina; image is upside down and backwards here

a hole controlled by the iris muscle that contracts and relaxes based on different things

colored area of eye that also has red back layer

changes shape with cilary muscles to be round when something is close and flat when far away; transparent

jelly that protects eye

the conversion of energy into neural impulses that ocurrs in the retinal cells

not being able to see far away because the eye is too long

not being able to see up close because the eye is too short

light sensitive cells that are located in periphery

responsible for color and clear daylight vision; in fovea

where optic nerves cross over in the brain, going to the thalamus

ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptor

24 hour clock controlled by the hypothalamus; three eight hour cycles

theta waves and last for five to tens minutes; hypnic jerk

theta waves and last for 10 to 15 minutes; sleep spindles

beginning of delta waves and last for 30 minutes

delta waves and deep sleep for thrity minutes

stage during which most dreams occur and longest stage

mimics neurotransmitters and causes more firing

blocks neurotransmitters from functioning or speeds reuptake, slowing firing

mimics sympathetic nervous system; elevates heart rate and mood and decreases appetite; rapid tolerance and psychological dependence; includes cocaine, caffien, nicotine, amphetamines, and methamphetamines

decrease or depress arousal in SNS; includes alcohol and barbituates

modify consciousness causing eurphoria by increasing serotonin levels; includes LSD, PSP, and ecstasy

mimic endorphins, by increasing drowsiness and euphoria, pain relief; includes morphine and heroin

depressant, narcotic, and hallucinogen

learning an association between two stimuli

unlearned stimulus (meat)

unlearned response (salivation)

learned stimulus (tone)

learned response (salivation)

method of successive approximations or reinforcing behaviors closer and closer to desired behavior

removing the effect of the uncondtiioned stimulus

being more likley to respond to a stimulus that is simalra to the conditioned stimulus

responding to some stimuli but not others

when there is a controlled effect on the environment and initiate a behavior to creat a specific response

the law that behaviors are modified if they are followed closely in time by reward or punishment

operant conditioning chamber with very controlled environment with lights and shock; rats must press levers to recieve water and food

adding a rewarding stimulus

removing an aversive stimulus

removing a positive stimlulus

addding an aversive stimulus

reinforcement being avaible for a behavior only in certain situations

reward after every behavior; not good

reinforcement after a number of times; most effective; fixed or variable ratio (best)

recieving reinforcement after a period of time; less effective; fixed interval or variable interval

requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation (usually reinforcement)

Bandura had children watch aggressive behavior in adults towards Bobo doll, live or on TV; if rewarded in watching would also act agressive and come up with novel agressive acts

remembering information presented first in a list

most recently presented information being recalled best

mometary imprint of sensory information; iconic or visual held for .5 seconds; echoic or sound held for 3 seconds

held for less than 20 seconds; by chunking can remember 7±2 units at a time

holds for greater than 30 seconds; permanent storage that we are not always able to access

putting information into your long term memory

shallow imprint of visual image

sound imprint that is slightly deeper

meaning imprint that is deepest; can be done through connect to other long term memories

know how of well learned behaviors and processes i.e. tying shoes

factual information

facts about the outside world

autobiographical memories; retrospective is aboute the past and prospective is memory to do things in future

being unable to remember the past

losing emmories of the future

long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway; sea slugs

whether results are repeatable; scores must correlate with positive r scores

whether a test measures what it's designed to measure

whether it looks like it has questions about the subject

does test correlate with another test of its type

accuracy of test

mental age/chronological age*100 gives iQ

geared toward adults; the older, the more reliable results are

mental retardation is below 70; giftedness is above 30

the extent to which individual differences in a charascteristic are due to difference in genetic make up of people within a given group; 40-70% due to genetics

stronger relationship between twins raised together, but still high apart; stronger relationship between biological parent and child, but still strong between adoptive parent as well

1) germinal - zygote from 0-2 weeks, dividing into different types of cells 2) embryo - blastocyst from 2-9 weeks, forming major parts and attaches to uterine wall 3) fetus - 9 weeks til birth, rapid organ growth and tons of REM, can survive at 7 months

developed by Piaget; sensorimotor (0-2), peroperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-12), formal perational (12 up)

object permanence when out of sight, stranger anxiety, learning through reflexes

using symbols to represent objects, self oriented, fantasies, undeveloped sense of time

consider others viewpoints, conservation (ability to distinguish not just number but size of objects)

thinks abstractly

most primitive drive that disregards society and logic

reality principle that we can't always gratify id, and blocks id from concsciousness; acquired around 1

societal values and morality prinicple

oral 0-2, anal 2-4, phallic 4-5, latency 6-puberty, genital puberty onward

recieve pleasure from mouth; conflict is weaning way from mother's break

recieve pleasure from anus, dfecating; toilet training

recieve pleasure from genitals and desire opposite sex parent, while identifying with same sex; oedipal complex (boys) fear castration by father; electra complex (girls) PENIS ENVY

dormant sexual urges and no conflict

sexual urges reawken and lead to gratification

ambiguos stimulus presentend in the test should cause subjective to project in stimulus; rorschach ink bloks and thematic apperceptions test

openness to expience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

minnestora muliphasic inventory, 16 PF, myers-briggs

introvert/extrovert central nervous system research

people are in need of unconditional positive regard and actual self and self concept to overal (congruence, not incongruence)

physiological, saftey, belonging, esteem, self actualization

Bandura combined cofnitive and behavioral unlike Skinner; reciprocal determinism is affect of environment and self efficacy is abiltiy to perform in one situation

Mischel; personality depends on the siutation

two desirable goals and must choose one

choosing between two undesirable goals

having both a negative and positive goal

Seyle; during alarm we precieve something as a threat and CNS kicks in; during resistance we become even stronger; if we reach exhaustion because of bad coping mechanisms resistance breaks down

healthy behavirs focused on the problem or the stressful emotions

health imperative behaviors

persistent (2 weeks+), abnormal, maladaptive or interfering with daily life, and distress or anxiety causing to individual

1) clinical disorder? 2) personality disorder or mental retardation? 3) health of patient 4) environmental or other stressors 5) how well is the person functioning?

40% of population will have disorder, 6% a servere one

20% prevalence; apprehensive, nervousenes, and feeling of doom

5% prevalence; anxiety for no reason, sleeplessness, difficultry concentrating

3.5% prevalence; heart attack like onsets of anxiety

unrelastic, irrational, or excessive fear of a specific object; being afraid of panic in same situation

2.5% prevalence; obsession thoughts cause anxiety and have compulsive behaviors to help deal with the anxiety

7% prevalence; anxiety caused by traumatic, uncontrollable, victimizing distress; re-eperienceing scene, avoiding reminds, hyperarousal (difficulty sleeping)

behavioral therapy is good for phobias, but negative reinforcement is what spurs OCD; biological-gentically related and brain has more acitivity; cognitive - need to not interpret siuations as threats; psychodynamic and humanistic as well

having physical symptoms with not physical cause

misinterpretting every health probelm as a dangerous, serious one

2% of diagnosis; major change or loss of physical functioning without a physiological reason; paralysis, sezures, coma, blindness

behavioral - reinforced for being sick; cognitive - irrational thinking

loss of memory

losing some personal information

losing all episodic memory caused by stress

developing separate personalities to deal with stress and forgetting personal information while in other personalities

behavioral - learned though negative reinforcement to escape from the situation; biological - smaller hippocampal region

changes in mood with a good grasp on reality

16% prevalence; feelings of severe sadness, hoplessness, negative thinking pattern, worthlessness, withdrawal from society, change in appetite/sleep

mild but chronic disorder

depressiond during winter months because of lack of sunlight; lack of energy and needs light therapy

2.5% prevalence; alternating states of depression and mania (euphoria); increasing risky behavior, sex, self esteem; many don't want to take medicine

biological - genetic link for depression, low serotonin; behavioral - mania and depression occur from lack of social reinforcement; cognitive - pessimitic or negative thinking pattern pervading all aspects of life, their fault and not going to change; humanistic - blocked self actualization

1% lifetime prevalence; disorganized thoughts and language; delusions of grandeur, control, perscution, or bodily disintegration; inappropriate affects and flat affects; hallucinations; styaing like a statue or one repetitive motion

suffereing from delusions and auditory hallucinations

diorganized thought, speech, and affect

stupor or repetitive activity

overlapping symptoms from other categories

extreme behavior and innaporopriate affect

no affect or movement; lacking emotion

biological - genetic link, high levels of dopamine, and enlarge ventricles; environmental - many prenatal factors and parent regulation of emotion; cognitive - negative thoughts; psychoanalytic and humanisitic

altering the function of the brain

mild schock under sedation; very good for depression, but can cause memory loss

brain surgery, such as severing corpus callosum

mild tranquilizers that mimic GABA; tolerance and dependence problems

block reuptake of serotonin and cause increased production; at risk for suicide before all the way better

mood stabilizers that flattens cycles; can't take withd rugs and alcohol and patients are unwilling to take medication

used for schizophrenia, breaks with reality; works by blocking rebinding of dopamine

pacemaker for brain for severe illnesses

psychologist, MD for severe; counseling psychologist PHD or PsyD for less severe disorders; clinical psychiatrist for chemical imbalances

face to face therapy; free association listing of words to get to problem and dream interpretation; resistance and transferance of problem onto therapist can occur

client drives therapy and working towards congruence; provides a listener that mirrors patient's statements

for phobias; relaxation techniques and going though anxiety hierarchy with gradual exposure

pairing a bad behavior with an unpleasant conditioned stimulus

being reinforced for the wrong behaviors caused illness so treatment involes reinforcing for the correct behaviors

rewarding for correct behaviors; gradually wean off and funciton without tokens

in conjunction with behavioral therapy; chaning mentality to view events as chalelnges; gratitude journals and alternate acitivty for bad behaviors

Asch's study of line lengths; we change our behavior in response to other people; unamity of group and gorup observance are important

migram shocking study; norm of obedience to authority, experimenter's acceptance of responisbilitiy, incremental nature of shockoing, proximity of experimenter and learner

college students pretended to be prisioners and guards and escalated to conflict and abuset; followed one student; deindividuation

a decreased effort when working in groups; diffusion of responsibility and free sider effect

a person in need is less likely to get help when there are more people around than when there are less

finding the right people for the job and keeping them there; selection, job analysis or description, training, performance appraisal

fundamental atrribution error; mistakes are attributed internally (or due to person) when it's others and externally (or due to situation) when it's ourselves

motivation, work attitude, leadership, and structure of businesses

designing office furnishings to be user friendly and healthy for body