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factors that energize, direct or sustain behavior
they are energizing, directive and help people persist in behviors
they differ in strength
motivation
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motivation to perform an activity because of external goals toward which the activity is directed
extrinsic motivation
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motivation to perform an activity because of the value of pleasure associated wiht that activity, rather than on an apparant external goal or purpose
intrinsic motivation
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the tendency to generate ideas of alternatives that may be useful in solving problems, communicating and entertainnig others
creativity
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Theory of Bem
People are seldom aware of their specifi motives and instead draw inferences about their motives according to what seems to make the most sense
Self-perception Theory
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a motivation state aroused when our feelings of personal freedom are threatened
-react by trying to regain freedom
-reverse psychology based on this theory
psychological reactance
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what determines how we eat
- hunger/satiety
- culture
- biology
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phenomenom when animals will stop eating relatively quickly if only one type of food to eat, eat more if presented with variety
sensory-specific satiety
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part of brain that assesses food's reward value
-it has decreased activity when only 1 food eaten
frontal lobe
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fear of new things
-unfamiliar foods may be dangerous
neophobia
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local norms for what to eat and how to prepare it
cuisine
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the most influential part of the brain on eating
hypothalamus
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a condition of eating great quantities
hyperphagia
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part of hypothalamus- when damaged can lead to obesity (in rats)
Ventromedial Hypothallamus (VMH)
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part of hypothallamus tied with aphagia, weight loss.
Must be force fed to stay alive
lateral hypothallamus
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diminished eating behavior
aphagia
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part of brain associated with taste cues (ex: bitter, sweet)
responsible for the reward value of food
prefrontal lobe
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system in prefrontal involved in reward, craving triggered by seeing food
overweight people have this system activated more when they see food
limbic system
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syndrome of obsession with fine food and food preparation
-centered on the reward of food, so not all suffers become obese
gourmand syndrome
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an explanation for hunger
the bloodstream is monitored for glucose levels (fuel for metabolism and neural activity)
glucostatic theory
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explanation for hunger
a set point for body fat in which deviations from the set point initiate compenstory behaviors to return to homeostasis
lipostatic theory
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hormone involved in fat regulation
released from fat cells when fat is stored--> goes to hypothallamus and inhibits eating behavior
none=obesity
leptin
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hormone
it surges in the stomach before mealtime and decreases after eating
ghrelin
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feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physciological processes and cognitive beliefs
brief responses to specific events-->trigger change in behavior
emotion
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long-lasting emotional states that influence rather than interrupt thought and behavior
does not have a percipitating trigger
mood
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age that a child can express joy, pain, disgust, interest
BIRTH
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age at which a child can show anger and sadness
2 months
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age at which a child can express fear
6 months
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age at which can express empathy
but it is ego-centric
2
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rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations
display rules
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show social emotions (embarassment, guilt, etc)
tested by mirror test
at what age?
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holding onto previous ideas even when presented with contradicting evidence
- belief persistence
- "my side bias"
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people use their current mood states to make judgements and appraisals, even if they do not know the source of their moods
-when aware of what is causing mood, it does not affect appraisal
affect-as-information theory
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bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an aciton's consequences
*guide us in adaptive behaviors
damage to this lobe hinders us from using these
- somatic markers
- frontal lobe
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this emotion:
keeps you from doing things detrimental to relationships and encourages things to strengthen the relationship
displays of this show you care
is an influence tactic- can influence behavior of others
guilt
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damage to this part of the brain leads to lower EQ scores
Amygdala
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when a need is unfulfilled, creates arousal and negative psychological state that motivates us to fulfill that need
drives and incentives
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attention to wheather needs are being met and goals achieved
-->adjust behavior accordingly
regulation
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TOTE
process of regulation
- Test
- Operate
- reTEST
- Exit (if applicable)
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pursuit of potential gains, tied to positve reinforcement and negative punishment in children, leads to either happiness or sadness
promotion motivation
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avoid potential loss, tied to negative reinforcement/positive punishment, leads to relief or anxiety
prevention motivation
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an effective way to regulate moods which is also healthy
it regulates negative emotions
causes similar affects as exercise
humor/laughter
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attempt not to feel or respond to emotion
thought repression
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people think more about what they're trying to repress
rebound effect
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focusing on, thinking about, elaborating on undesired thoughts and feelings
-->prolongs the mood
remunination
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best way to regulate your mood
distraction
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theory of how we feel emotion
emotion is embodied and it is the bodily sensation that gives rise to the emotion
sensations-->emotion
Fritz pen study supports
James-Lange
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theory on how we feel emotion:
bodily and mental emotions separate but simultaneous
bear-->think scary and HR increases AT SAME TIME
Canon-Bard
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theory of how we feel emotion:
there are 2 factors:
emotional arousal
cognitive interpreation of the arousal
supported by adrenaline injection study
*once we experience an emotion, we try to explain/understand it
Stan-Schachter
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