Psych Chpt 9

factors that energize, direct or sustain behavior
they are energizing, directive and help people persist in behviors
they differ in strength

motivation to perform an activity because of external goals toward which the activity is directed

motivation to perform an activity because of the value of pleasure associated wiht that activity, rather than on an apparant external goal or purpose

the tendency to generate ideas of alternatives that may be useful in solving problems, communicating and entertainnig others

Theory of Bem
People are seldom aware of their specifi motives and instead draw inferences about their motives according to what seems to make the most sense

a motivation state aroused when our feelings of personal freedom are threatened
-react by trying to regain freedom
-reverse psychology based on this theory

what determines how we eat

phenomenom when animals will stop eating relatively quickly if only one type of food to eat, eat more if presented with variety

part of brain that assesses food's reward value
-it has decreased activity when only 1 food eaten

fear of new things
-unfamiliar foods may be dangerous

local norms for what to eat and how to prepare it

the most influential part of the brain on eating

a condition of eating great quantities

part of hypothalamus- when damaged can lead to obesity (in rats)

part of hypothallamus tied with aphagia, weight loss.
Must be force fed to stay alive

diminished eating behavior

part of brain associated with taste cues (ex: bitter, sweet)
responsible for the reward value of food

system in prefrontal involved in reward, craving triggered by seeing food
overweight people have this system activated more when they see food

syndrome of obsession with fine food and food preparation
-centered on the reward of food, so not all suffers become obese

an explanation for hunger
the bloodstream is monitored for glucose levels (fuel for metabolism and neural activity)

explanation for hunger
a set point for body fat in which deviations from the set point initiate compenstory behaviors to return to homeostasis

hormone involved in fat regulation
released from fat cells when fat is stored--> goes to hypothallamus and inhibits eating behavior
none=obesity

hormone
it surges in the stomach before mealtime and decreases after eating

feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physciological processes and cognitive beliefs
brief responses to specific events-->trigger change in behavior

long-lasting emotional states that influence rather than interrupt thought and behavior
does not have a percipitating trigger

age that a child can express joy, pain, disgust, interest

age at which a child can show anger and sadness

age at which a child can express fear

age at which can express empathy
but it is ego-centric

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations

show social emotions (embarassment, guilt, etc)
tested by mirror test
at what age?

holding onto previous ideas even when presented with contradicting evidence

people use their current mood states to make judgements and appraisals, even if they do not know the source of their moods
-when aware of what is causing mood, it does not affect appraisal

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an aciton's consequences
*guide us in adaptive behaviors
damage to this lobe hinders us from using these

this emotion:
keeps you from doing things detrimental to relationships and encourages things to strengthen the relationship
displays of this show you care
is an influence tactic- can influence behavior of others

damage to this part of the brain leads to lower EQ scores

when a need is unfulfilled, creates arousal and negative psychological state that motivates us to fulfill that need

attention to wheather needs are being met and goals achieved
-->adjust behavior accordingly

TOTE
process of regulation

pursuit of potential gains, tied to positve reinforcement and negative punishment in children, leads to either happiness or sadness

avoid potential loss, tied to negative reinforcement/positive punishment, leads to relief or anxiety

an effective way to regulate moods which is also healthy
it regulates negative emotions
causes similar affects as exercise

attempt not to feel or respond to emotion

people think more about what they're trying to repress

focusing on, thinking about, elaborating on undesired thoughts and feelings
-->prolongs the mood

best way to regulate your mood

theory of how we feel emotion
emotion is embodied and it is the bodily sensation that gives rise to the emotion
sensations-->emotion
Fritz pen study supports

theory on how we feel emotion:
bodily and mental emotions separate but simultaneous
bear-->think scary and HR increases AT SAME TIME

theory of how we feel emotion:
there are 2 factors:
emotional arousal
cognitive interpreation of the arousal
supported by adrenaline injection study
*once we experience an emotion, we try to explain/understand it