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reliability
the ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions
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validity
the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
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percentile system
ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score
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norms
standard of compariso for test results developed by giving the test to large, well-defined groups of people
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intelligence
the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations
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two-factor theory
proposes that a person's intelligence is composed of a general ability level and specific mental abilities
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triarchic theory
proposes that a person's intelligence involves analytical, creative, and practical thinking skills
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emotional intelligence
interpersonal and intrapersonal abilitlies needed to use knowledge of emotionsn effectively
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intelligence quotient
standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average
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heritability
the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors
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cultural bias
an aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group to another group
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aptitude test
estimates the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill
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achievement test
measures how much a person has learned in a given subject or area
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interest inventory
measures a person's preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success
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personality test
assesses an individual's characteristics and identifies problems
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objective test
a limited or forced-choice test in which a a person must select one of several answers
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projective test
an unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his or her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli
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personaltiy
the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person
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unconscious
the part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors
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id
the part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material
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ego
the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways
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superego
the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and couteracts the socially undesireable impulses of the id
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defense mechanisms
certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances
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collective unconscious
the part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people
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archetype
an inherited idea, based on the experience of one's ancestors, which shapes one's perception of the world
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inferoirity complex
a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source
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behaviorism
belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior- and nothing else
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contingencies of reinforcement
the occurence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors
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humanistic psychology
a school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential by each unique individual
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self-actualization
the humanist term for realizing one's unique potential
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self
one's experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others
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positive regard
viewing oneself in a favorable light due to supportive feedback recieved from interaction with others
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conditions of worth
the conditions a person must meet in order to regard themself positively
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unconditional psitive regard
the perception that individuals' significant others value them for what they are, which leads the individuals to grant themselves the same favorable opinion or view
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fully functioning
an individual whose person and self coincide
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trait
a tendancy to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over time
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cardinal trait
a characteristic or feature that is so pervasive the person is almost identified with it
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factor analysis
a complex statistical technique used to identify the underlying reasons variables are correlated
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surface trait
a stable characteristic that can be observed in certain situations
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source trait
a stable characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality
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extravert
an outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and interests toward other people and things
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introvert
a reserved, withdrawn person who is preoccupied on their own thoughts and feelings
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