-
What raphe nuclei produces NE?
Locus coeruleus
-
what produces 5-HT (Serotonin)?
Raphe nuclei
-
What produces Dopamine?
Ventral Tegmentum
-
functions of raphe nuclei?
- Muscle tone
- breathing
- coughing
- vomiting
- sneezing
-
Nucleus in charge of circadian rhythms / light and dark?
SCN
-
how many nightly sleep cycles and average length?
-
Two main stages of sleep?
- 1) SWS: 1,2,3,4 with 4 being the deepest
- 2) REM: EEG, EOG active while EMG is not because of muscle paralysis
-
when does the majority of slow and REM sleep occur, night or morning?
-
What is the common EEG change in voltage and frequency during sleep?
- start: high frequency, low voltage
- middle: low frequency, high voltage
-
What specific EEG marks appear in level 2 of slow-wave sleep?
Spindles and K-complex
-
Slow-wave Adaptive hypothesis?
conserve energy
-
Slow-wave restorative-hypothesis?
- high mental capacity = high temperature = more slow wave sleep
- required to repair body & secrete GH
-
REM sleep ontogeny hypothesis?
- Nervous system growth and development
- * Fetus sleeps 50% of time in REM
-
REM sleep learning hypothesis?
REM sleep retains information and prepares for learning the next day
-
slow-wave circutry?
- 1) dark = melatonin, hypothalamus stops producing histamine
- 2) Ascending RAS activates Pons cholinergic cells to activate the pre-optic area of hypothalamus
- 3) thalamocortical firing is inhibited
- 4) EEG slows down
-
REM circutry?
- 1) GABAergic neurons turned off = no NE or 5-HT (Serotonin) produced
- 2) cholinergic cells in Pons are turned on
- 3) High Ach release causes EEG, EOG and PGO waves to increase while EMG waves decreases due to paralysis
-
T/F: insomnia is a disorder?
F: it is a symptom
-
Insomnia: what causes sleep latency?
Anxiety
-
Insomnia: What causes multiple awakenings?
Depression
-
Insomnia: Positive and negative of older Valium drug?
- Positive: reduce sleep latency, long half-life
- negative: reduce SWS4 and REM
-
Insomnia: newer Ambien and Sonata positive and negative side-effects?
- Positive:sleep enhancer, less REM and SWS4 inhibition
- Negative:possible addiction or tolerance
|
|