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Race
an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.
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Ethnicity
identification with and feeling a part of an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of its affiliation.
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Change
development, westernization, and modernization.
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Ethnography
a book written by an anthropologist that lives in a said culture and writes about their experience.
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Anthropology
the exploration of human diversity in time and space.
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Five General Fields of Anthropology
- Sociocultural
- Archaelogical
- Biological
- Linguistic
- Applied Anthropology
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Sociocultural Anthropology
the study of human society and culture.
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Culture
traditions and customs transmitted through learning that govern belief and behavior.
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Characteristics of Culture
- Learned
- Symbolic
- Culture Seizes Nature
- Shared
- Patterned
- Adaptive and Maladaptive
- Acts on Many Levels
- Holistic
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Ethnocentrism
the notion that my culture is the correct culture. Sets cultures apart from eachother.
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Cultural Relativism
the anthropological notion that all cultures are valid adaptations to the place and time they exist.
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Characteristics of All Primates
- Grasping
- Primary sense in face is sight
- Primary sense of touch is hands
- Brain Complexity
- Parental Investment
- Social Beings
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What makes humans different from other primates?
- We use tools.
- Communication Systems
- Bipedalism
- Sexual Dimorfism
- Sharing, Cooperation, and Division of labor
- mating, exogomy, and kinship
- religion
- extend credit to rip eachother off.
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Roman's Rule
organisms only change enough to stay the same.
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How did mankind come to be?
- Creationism
- Castrophism
- Transformism
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How did race come to be?
People were isolated from eachother and adapted to the environment in which they lived.
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Three Components of Social Status
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Hypodescent
Rule of racial classification that classifies the offspring of parents of different races as the race of the subordinate group.
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Characteristics of Language
- Unlimited words
- Displacement
- Non verbal communication
- Structure
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phoneme
smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning
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morpheme
words and their meaningful parts
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the language that we learn affects the way we think
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Modal Personality
the typical behavioral pattern in any given culture.
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Deviant
a person who has been assigned a new status and cannot get back into society.
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What labels you a deviant?
- Violation of Law
- Violation of Edicate
- Aesthetic Standards
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Insanity
People that lack control over deviant behavior.
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horticulturalists
learned ow to plant crops
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pastoralists
herded domesticated animals
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Characteristics of Hunters and Gatherers (Foragers)
- lived in band society's with less than 100 people
- Mobile
- Sexual Divisions of Labor
- Age Role Distinction
- Equalitaristic Political Systems
- Anamystic Religion
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Characteristics of Horticulture and Pastoralism
- Not Mobile
- No Machinery
- Short term land use
- No fertilizer
- Tools were simple
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Characteristics of Agriculture
- Intensive use of land
- Use of domesticated animals
- Control water
- Terracing
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Cultural Materialism
Marvin Harris believes that behavioral structure is what brings everything together and makes life.
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Technological Determinism
- Leslie White says it is the driving force of cultural evolution.
- Greater dependency on technology
- More tools in tool kits.
- More specialization tools.
- Greater dependency on non-human energy and increasing complaxity of energy sources.
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Five components of fund
- Subsistance Fund
- Replacement Fund
- Ceremonial Fund
- Social Fund
- Rent Fund
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Peasants
a subordinate class of people bound economically to superordinate class.
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Methods of Distribution
- Reciprocity
- Redistribution
- Market System
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Characteristics of State
- Population Control
- Law and Judicary
- Law and Enforcement
- Taxation
- Education
- Cumscription
- Expropreation
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Causes of State Formation
- Hydraulic System
- Trade
- Ecological Diversity
- Population Control/ Warfare
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