Psych Chpt 8

mental activity such as thinking or representing infor
mental content and processes: memory, learning, representation, problem solving, intelligence, language

a mental representation that has some of the physcial characteristics of the object; it is analogous to the object

an abstract mental representation that does not correspond to the physical features of an object or idea

the best example of a concept
ex: apple- i think of a red delicious

actual examples of the concept you have experience
-->they often shape the prototype

information about common situtations and rules

information about common situations and rules and ALSO carry information about appropriate sequences of behavior
ex: eating at a restaurant

when representation is too rigid, specifically wen you only imagine one function of an object
-it is harmful to creative problem solving
mental sets influence everyday behavior- ex: rainy day parking lot experiment

a sudden flash of how to solve a problem
Kohler and Apes study- stacking to get banana
it is the role of the right hemisphere

hemisphere responsible for find coding, strong activation but narrowly focused

hemishpere responsible for course coding, weak activation of many associations

ability to reason and use knowledge to probelm solve

Intelligence Quotient
Mental Age/Real Age X 100
100= average
130 Gifted
70 MR
tries to reflect thinking not knowledge
*influenced by environment and heredity
Mental age developed by Binet
IQ developed by Stern

Rosenthal studies

Different treatment by teacers

if reminded of a stereotype, a person will do better/worse based on stereotype

the idea that one general factor underlies all mental abilities
Theory of Spearman

information processing in novel or complex situations

knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge

founded theory that there are 2 types of intelligence, crystallized and fluid

there are 7 distinct types of intelligence
Theory of Gardner
Logic/math
Linguistic
Bodily Kinestic
Intrapersonal
Spatial
Musical
Interpersonal/social

a form of social intelligence that emphasizes the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions to guid thoughts and actions

symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols

basic sounds used in a language
each language uses different ones
we can produce 1000+ but probably developed b/c of ease of production and perception

smallest units of "meaning" in language
-prefixes, suffixes, even single letters

rules of a langage that tell you what is allowable in combination

when a continuous stream of info is *perceived* as categories with boundaries
ex: ba v. pa sound

Age when babies babble without imitation, using all the phomenes

age when babies babbling reflects the household (use those phomenes)

1 word stage for babies

one word = a whole sentence
ex: Give!

age of telegraphic speech
ex: Zack want cookie!

age of comlex constructions, using syntax

age of grammatical speech, know 10,000 words

Why children learn language so quickly?
Perspective of Skinner though language development followed familiar learning principles: association, imitation, reinforcement

Why children learn language so quickly?
Perspective of Chomsky, thought inborn human ability, but that there might be a critical period

using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

attempting to select the best choice among several options

finding a way around an obstacle to achieve a goal

using a belief or rule to determine if a conclussion is valid
general-->specific
Diff. between valid conclussion and truth?

using examples of instances to determine if a rule or conclussion is likely to be true
specific-->general
the scientific method is an example of this reasoning

assumptions, used in deductive reasoning

If A then B

All A are B
All B are C
Therefore, all A are C
*this can be confused with ambiguous terms
schema influence and can affect this

models of humans making the right/best decisions

models of humans misinterpretting/misrepresenting probabilities- irrational behavior

a normative models, how humans should make decisions

in problem solving, shortcuts to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to move from inital state to goal state
*can lead to bias
ex: buying brand names

procedure that if followed correctly will always produce the right outcome

making decision based on answer which is most easily accessible

the effect of presentation on how info is perceived

1) take into account ppl's wealth in decisions
2) losses feel worse than gains feel good-->we avoid situation w/ loses
developed by Tversky and Kahnmemn

we avoid situations with losses

Aspects of cognitive performance that have an effect on IQ

have minimal intellectual capabilites in most domains, but at early age show exceptional ability at some "intelligent" processes

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

a rule for categorization based on how similar the person or object is to our prototypes for that category

people are not good at knowing how they will feel about something in the future; and generally do not realize how poor they are at predicting their future feeling