Psych Chpt 7

the nervous system's capability to acquire (through storage and retrival of info) and retain usable skills and knowledge
-the persistence of learning over time

have problem of retrieval of info
-they can encode, but cannot retrieve knowledge, memories

have problems of encoding and storage
Can't form new memories or store new info, but can recall old info
EX: dori from finding nemo

the processing of info so that it can be stored
*happens automatically when events are highly emotional or vivid/salient/surprising
*only thinks paid attention to are encoded
*if you don not initially encode something, you will never be able to and you can never recall it
*can also happen effortfully (ex: studying)
**Information is changed to neural code**

structural encoding, noticing physcial features

phonemic, what words sound like or rhyme with

meaning--> can take place in many forms

easier to remember concrete and vivid objects or events, so visual image mneumonics ccan work
ex: grocery list by putting items in places around the "house"

thinking about information
a type of deep level processing

you are more likely to remember information when you connect it to yourself

1/3 of a second, sensory infor persists in its original form
-memory for sensory information that is stored briefly close to its original sensory form
ex: why our vision is not jerky when we move our heads

limited capacity that can maintain unrehersed material for 20 seconds

theoretically unlimited in capacity

an active processing system that holds different types of information available for current use
storage duration- 20-30 sec
Capacity- 7 +/- 2 items

can separate chunks of meaningful information to help us remember
can remember 7 chunks each with more information

one for holding onto visuouspatioal infromation and another for auditory/verbal(ex: reading to self) info

unlimited in capacity and can hold for unlimited amount of time, organized

learning over time

cramming

the system underlying unconcious memory

the processes involved when people remember a specific memory

a type of explicit memory
*knowledge that can be declared, stuff you can talk about

memory for knowledge about the world

memory for one's personal past experiences (autobiographica)
it is lost in retrograde amnesia

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
involves: motor memory and habitual patterns of behavior and associations formulated by classical conditioning (ex: little albert's continued fear despite not remembering actual experiment)

remembering to do something in the future

learned through removal of different parts of rats' cortexes....
less cortex=less memory DUH

his study: temporal stimulus lead to recall of events, but so did stimulus to other areas

no single storage place for memories
-memory for sensory experiences stored/activated in same sensory cortex as original experience

part of brain important for explicit or declarative memory, consolidation
**removal leads to anterograde amnesia
important for spatial memory

process of transfer of contents from immediate memory to long term memory

part of brain important for encoding and working memory
*the prefrontal is associated with deeper encoding
holding onto info long enough to acto on it ex: goal pursuit)
ex: monkey's with damaged ____ could not remember to find food under cloth is distracted or covered for too long

seat for emotional memories- often implicit
behave in accordance with memory but no declarative recollection
Ex: HM's mom died, he grieved but did not know why

the act of recalling or remembering stored info to use it
can be automatic or effortful
can be enhanced by cues encoded w/memory

external cues (location, odors, etc) which were identical to when you stored the memory

internal cues (mood, drugs, etc)

a confusion in memory caused by cues in a new situation that are strongly similar to cues in the past
-usually recalls episodic memories

most memories are a construction rather than a reflection

memory can be altered by future interpretations/expectations
ex: loftus car accident experiment

can remember information without the source
ex: Raegan war story

when memory is false and source is internal
ex: imagination, dreams, parents telling a story- you"remember" it
Lochtus study- kid lost in mall
*pedophile fear and leading questions-->led to rash of "remembered" memories

most forgetting occurs rapidly after we have learned something
-learned list of words
*recall decays more rapidly than recognition

most of this occurs because of interference

when new information interferes with old
ex: learning a new phone number and forgetting the old one

when old information interferes with new information
ex: getting a new number that has similar numbers

Freud thatough that we pushed negative memories into subconscious
-->tied w/ pedophile discovery

then inability to retrieve a memory from long-term storage
normal ____ is helpful, we only remember important things, too much info can get confusing

will forget spanish, but will be easier to "relearn" it because of savings

Divided into Forgetting and Distortion
Theory of Schacter
Transcience
Absentmindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence

one of seven sins of memory
reduced memory over time
-forgetting

one of seven sins of memory
reduced memory due to lack of attention
-forgetting

one of seven sins of memory
inability to remember needed information
-forgetting

one of seven sins of memory
assigning a memory to a wrong source
-distortion

one of seven sins of memory
altering a memory becasue of misleading information
-distortion

one of seven sins of memory
influence of current knowledge on our memory for past events
-Distortion

one of seven sins of memory
the resurgence of unwanted or distrubing memories of what we would like to forget (ex: PTSD)
-Distortion

a type of blocking
where you cannot recall specific/obscure words

the inattentive or shallow encoding of events

deficits in long-term memory that results from disease, brain injury or psychological trauma

strategies for improving memory

a mneumonic
testing more effective than rereading
_____ recalling info

to think about the meaning, and use your own words
this is a deeper level of processing=better memory

practice recalling, cramming not as good as multiple sessions

a good way to improve memory, recollection
I need some

a good way to remember things, used often in slogans and advertisments

a type of imagery
visually placing objects in familiar locations

a method of imagery
putting/visualizing new info on pegs